our lady of guadalupe nasa

St Josemaria's first trip to Latin America was in May 1970. What image is hidden in the eyes of Our Lady of Guadalupe? Axolotls and capybaras are TikTok famousis that a problem? NASA Has Called the Image of the Virgin of Guadalupe 'Living'?Scientists from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration have not announced that "Our . Mentioned the venerated image via public radio address honoring its fiftieth anniversary of coronation on 12 October 1945. John Pauls actions were only the latest in a series of developments affirming the importance of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Both are sacred objects, hundreds of years old, and both depict an image said to be miraculous. After his father made a full recovery from the virus, the 22-year-old decided to pay a visit to the basilica to thank the Virgin. She's not called Coatlicue, which would be idolatry, she's called Tonantzin which isn't any kind of idolatry, but means 'our venerable mother,' and as the indigenous affectionately say, 'our dearest mother.' [66], The nature of the fabric is discussed below. There is currently no scientific explanation for its physical and chemical longevity. They rushed to shelter indoors, leaving many of the candles unlit. SCIENTIFIC TEST AND - Commission on Youth - ICP Sogod | Facebook Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Ines Cruz Camilo held a large tapestry of the Virgin and wore a blue surgical mask. Maybe it is something serious, the pandemic, but this won't last forever.". (For example, some claim to have discovered faces, including that of Juan Diego in the magnified weave of the Virgins eyes-evidence of nothing more than the pious imaginations ability to perceive images, inkblot-like, in random shapes) (Nickell and Fischer 1985). Nineteen-year-old Jos Miguel Rosas poses for a portrait at the basilica. The Secret Code Within the Tilma of Our Lady of Guadalupe [65] An intricate metal crown designed by the painter Salom Pina according to plans devised by Rmulo Escudero and Prez Gallardo, and executed by the Parisian goldsmith, Edgar Morgan, is fixed above the image by a rod, and a massive Mexican flag is draped around and below the frame. RCatholics.com. A feathered cherubic angel with outstretched arms carries the corners of her robe underneath her exposed feet. In short, again, your claim about "word for word" is not only unsubstantiated it appears to be entirely false. [47], In 1666, the Church in Mxico began gathering information from people who reported having known Juan Diego, and in 1723 a formal investigation into his life was ordered, where more data was gathered to support his veneration. Chvez said that analysts repeated the experiment with copies of paintings from the 16th and 17th centuries, "where stars and flowers are placed at the painter's discretion", but the only thing they produced was "noise, not harmony.". This story comes to us from a document believed by many to have been composed in the Nahuatl language by a native man who born in the midst of the Spanish conquest of his people and thereafter educated by the Franciscan friars Corts had brought to evangelize the natives: Don Antonio Valeriano. Why the Virgin of Guadalupe is more than a religious icon to Catholics Miguel Snchez, the author in 1648 of the first published account of the vision, identified Guadalupe as Revelation's Woman of the Apocalypse, and said: this New World has been won and conquered by the hand of the Virgin Mary [who had] prepared, disposed, and contrived her exquisite likeness in this, her Mexican land, which was conquered for such a glorious purpose, won that there should appear so Mexican an image.[59]. The history of book bansand their changing targetsin the U.S. Should you get tested for a BRCA gene mutation? appears to be datable to the mid-1500s, and may have been the original work by Valeriano, as that was used by Laso in composing the Huei tlamahuioltica. [125] [126] [122], One notable reference in literature to the image and its alleged predecessor, the Aztec Earth goddess Tonantzin, is in Sandra Cisneros' short story "Little Miracles, Kept Promises", from her collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories (1991). In 1754 Pope Benedict XIV approved her patronage and granted her a proper feast and mass for December 12. "[132][133] Despite this, Chicanx artists such as Yolanda Lpez, Alma Lpez, Margarita 'Mita' Cuaron, Ester Hernndez, and Consuelo Jimenez Underwood, among others, have used Our Lady of Guadalupe's portrait to explore themes of repression, feminine strength, and to uplift women.[134][135]. Only employees of the basilica and the press were allowed in. Research Guides: A Latinx Resource Guide: Civil Rights Cases and Events in the United States: 1962: United Farm Workers Union. https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/united-farm-workers-union (April 13, 2023). We won't rent or sell your information, and you can unsubscribe at any time. Advent is a time when we prepare ourselves to behold the Word of God incarnated as the Christ-Child. Learn about Valentine's Day, St. Valentine, and the role of the heart. It felt kind of like a zombie apocalypse movie, says Mexican-American photographer Alicia Vera, who documented the emptiness of a typically chaotic holiday. 780-455-6300 E-mail: olguadalupe.spanish@caedm.ca: Sobre nuestra Parroquia. There is also obvious cracking and flaking of paint all along a vertical seam, and the infrared photos reveal in the robes fold what appear to be sketch lines, suggesting that an artist roughed out the figure before painting it. This effect was completely unknown at the time of the images formation. In the days before the Virgin of Guadalupes feast day, pilgrims line up for mass at the basilica. 2008. Granted a pontifical decree of coronation on 4 March 1949 towards a namesake image manufactured by the Vatican Mosaic studio, which was crowned by the. One woman chanted, Viva la Virgin! "Today I feel a little bad because we are not going to do the pilgrimage as it should be done, said Alvarado. The bishop demanded a sign before he would approve construction of a church, however. So far has her message reached, that she is now considered the patroness of all the Americas. [citation needed], The first theory to promote a Nahuatl origin was that of Luis Becerra Tanco. It is true, music comes forth from the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, he affirmed. All the Amazing Things about Our Lady of Guadalupe: The Essential Guide Dr. Adolfo Orozco at the International Marian Congress on Our Lady of Guadalupe in Glendale, Arizona. [3], To avoid being delayed by the Virgin and ashamed at having failed to meet her on Monday as agreed, Juan Diego chose another route around Tepeyac Hill, yet the Virgin intercepted him and asked where he was going (fourth apparition); Juan Diego explained what had happened and the Virgin gently chided him for not having made recourse to her. "[60], The Virgin of Guadalupe is a core element of Mexican identity and with the rise of Mexican nationalism and indigenist ideologies, there have been numerous efforts to find a pre-Hispanic origin in the cult, to the extreme of attempting to find a Nahuatl etymology to the name. And it was viewed as something that should be remedied, for their having [native] name of the Mother of God, Holy Mary, instead of Tonantzin, but Dios inantzin. The image has also been examined with a stethoscope. But Dr. Tonsmann's studies revealed even more. This second crown is stored within the chancery and is not publicly worn by the image enshrined at the altar. Getty Publications. It also contains the glyph of Antonio Valeriano; and finally, the signature of Fray Bernardino de Sahagun which was authenticated by experts from the Banco de Mexico and Charles E. The image itself has many extraordinary attributes that border on the miraculous (and probably indicate it! "I will spread your fame," MARY had told him, but the Indian remained as humble as ever. In the 500 years since Our Lady of Guadalupe appeared, the image of . The church allowed pilgrims to leave flowers and candles outside for basilica employees to bring in. Has NASA Called the Image of the Virgin of Guadalupe 'Living'? - Snopes.com Head of the ACI Prensa Office in Mexico since 2018. The Virgin told him to climb to the top of the hill and pick some flowers to present to the Archbishop. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Our-Lady-of-Guadalupe-patron-saint-of-Mexico, World Religious and Spirituality Project - Our Lady of Guadalupe, Learn Religions - The Virgin Mary's Apparitions and Miracles in Guadalupe, Mexico, Humanities LibreTexts - Miguel Gonzlez, The Virgin of Guadalupe, Catholic Online - Biography of Our Lady of Guadalupe, The Old Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe. It was the first time the pilgrimage had been canceled since 1926, during a period of political turmoil in Mexico. ("Am I not here, I who am your mother?"). After she had identified herself to him, Our Lady asked that Juan build her a shrine in that same spot, in order for her to show and share her love and compassion with all those who believe. "NASA Found An Icon With A Temperature Of 36.6 And A Pulse." Is Our Lady of Guadalupe a Catholic adaptation of an Aztec goddess? Over the Friday and Saturday of December 11 to 12, 2009, a record number of 6.1million pilgrims visited the Basilica of Guadalupe in Mexico City to commemorate the anniversary of the apparition.[114]. NASA engineers have also stated the paint with which the image was made does not exist on Earth and has never existed written by the Tsn.ua which is a news site on the internet. It had been prepared with a brush coat of white primer (calcium sulfate), and the image was then rendered in distemper (i.e., paint consisting of pigment, water, and a binding medium). [93] Father Miguel Hidalgo, in the Mexican War of Independence (1810), and Emiliano Zapata, in the Mexican Revolution (1910), led their respective armed forces with Guadalupan flags emblazoned with an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. It has been translated and adapted by CNA. Looking at paintings: a guide to technical terms. With cases steadily rising, there are fears that Mexico Cityhome to almost 9 millionwill need to go under lockdown again. NASA has discovered of Our Lady of Guadalupe to be living. Snopes and the Snopes.com logo are registered service marks of Snopes.com, In August 2017, NASA scientists declared that Mexico's "Our Lady of Guadalupe" artifact is "living. Each study required the permission of the custodians of the tilma in the Basilica. "The Cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico" in, This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 21:52. 13 September 2010. [10][55], Under Pope John Paul II the move to beatify Juan Diego intensified. [citation needed], Following the Conquest in 15191521, the Marian cult was brought to the Americas and Franciscan friars often leveraged syncretism with existing religious beliefs as an instrument for evangelization. The little-known history of the Florida panther. A: The 450-year-old image of Our Lady of Guadalupe is more than simply a picture. Rosales examined the cloth with a stereomicroscope and observed that the canvas appeared to be a mixture of linen and hemp or cactus fiber. In the Indian language, "Guadalupe" means to "crush the head of the serpent." It properly refers to Genesis 3:15: Mary, the conqueror of evil. In a second audience with the bishop, Juan Diego opened his cloak, letting dozens of roses fall to the floor and revealing the image of Mary imprinted on the inside of the cloakthe image that is now venerated in the Basilica of Guadalupe. Science Cannot Explain the Tilma of Our Lady of Guadalupe During his leadership, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints declared Juan Diego "venerable" (in 1987), and the pope himself announced his beatification on May 6, 1990, during a Mass at the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City, declaring him "protector and advocate of the indigenous peoples," with December 9 established as his feast day. Some scholars have promoted the idea that the Virgin of Guadalupe is a Catholic adaptation of the Aztec goddess, Coatlicue Tonantzin, who is a combination of a woman and serpents, and a symbol of fertility. Recently our findings were confirmed when the Spanish-language magazine Proceso reported the results of a secret study of the Image of Guadalupe. This year, few Virgin figurines peeked out of backpacks. Fact or fiction? Nine popular myths about Our Lady of Guadalupe [109] An ophthalmologist, Dr. Jose Aste Tonsmann, later enlarged an image of the Virgin's eyes by 2500x and said he found not only the aforementioned single figure, but images of all the witnesses present when the tilma was first revealed before Zumrraga in 1531, plus a small family group of mother, father, and a group of children, in the center of the Virgin's eyes, fourteen people in all (including a young Black girl, representing Zumrraga's slave whom he freed in his will). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. June 2002. [citation needed], According to the document Informaciones Jurdicas de 1666, a Catholic feast day in name of Our Lady of Guadalupe was requested and approved, as well as the transfer of the date of the feast of the Virgin of Guadalupe from September 8 to December 12, the latest date on which the Virgin supposedly appeared to Juan Diego. 1995 - 2023 by Snopes Media Group Inc. In Chayo's words, "I finally understood who you are. Guadalupe Symbols - Answered by Father Johann Roten, S.M. Winds and rain made it difficult to keep them lit. A livestream of Juan Diegos framed cloak played on the basilicas homepage, where a form also allowed petitions to be submitted and then deposited at the feet of the Virgin, where theyd remain for a week. Reyes, Raul A. "Little Miracles, Kept Promises. Viewing the flowers and stars in the image of the Virgin as if they were musical notes, Ojeda outlined found a melody. Your monthly donation will help our team continue reporting the truth, with fairness, integrity, and fidelity to Jesus Christ and his Church. An elder Mexican man makes his way to Mass in the early morning twilight of December 9, 1531. The figure is dressed from neck to feet in a pink robe and cerulean mantle, one side folded within the arms, emblazoned with eight-pointed stars with two black tassels tied high around her waist, and wearing a neck brooch featuring a colonial-style cross. Morales, a respiratory specialist at a COVID hospital, felt compelled to make his first pilgrimage. Granted a new gold-plated silver crown with an accompanying prayer to the image during his apostolic visit to the Basilica on 13 February 2016. And it doesn't have a temperature like a human being would have, he said, dispelling a common rumor about the image. He expressed concern that the Catholic Archbishop was promoting a superstitious regard for an indigenous image:[30]. He is a peasant, a simple farmer and laborer, and he has no education. The exact sound that met the Mexican's ears was "Juanito, Juan Diegito." It was an endearing expression that a fond mother would use for her child. [3] Based on her words, Juan Diego then sought the Archbishop of Mexico City, Fray Juan de Zumrraga, to tell him what had happened. Prroco . They squeeze their eyes shut and mutter furtive prayers and gratitude for miracles granted in past years. Nor are there two or three images placed one on top of the other, as some claim, he explained. In contrast, Orozco said, the original Tilma was exposed for approximately 116 years without any kind of protection, receiving all the infrared and ultraviolet radiation from the tens of thousands of candles near it and exposed to the humid and salty air around the temple., Dr. Orozco then discussed the Tilmas fabric. Was the image painted or fabricated by human hands? Condition of the surface layer: Callahan reports that the un-retouched portions of the image, particularly the blue mantle and the face, are in a very good state of preservation, with no flaking or peeling. As the story goes, the Virgin Mary appeared to an indigenous man named Juan Diego in 1531 on the . Focus on Guadalupe NASA scientists announced today, March 2, 2004, that evidence found by the Opportunity rover suggests water once flowed at its landing site on Mars, Meridiani Planum. Though Zapata's rebel forces were primarily interested in land reform"tierra y libertad" ('land and liberty') was the slogan of the uprisingwhen his peasant troops penetrated Mexico City, they carried Guadalupan banners. The Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe occurs during this second week of Advent and that hardly seems to be a coincidence. Besides any natural explanation, the acid has not destroyed the fabric of the cloth, indeed it has not even destroyed the colored parts of the image, Orozco said. He is a peasant, a simple farmer and laborer, and he has no education. The devotion continued to grow, especially after Our Lady of Guadalupe was credited with ending a deadly epidemic of hemorrhagic fever that ravaged Mexico City in 173637. It remains perhaps the most sacred object in all of Mexico. Our Location. It bore the signatures of Antonio Valeriano and Bernardino de Sahagn, which are considered to verify its contents. How do we reverse the trend? At the beginning of the 14th century, the Virgin appeared one day to a humble cowboy named Gil Cordero who was searching for a missing animal in the mountains. I have been part of the ACI Prensa team for more than 10 years. WOMEN WHO MAKE THEIR OWN WORLDS: THE LIFE AND WORK OF ESTER HERNNDEZ., LaDuke, Betty. [3], The Archbishop kept Juan Diego's mantle, first in his private chapel and then in the church on public display, where it attracted great attention. Antecedentes histricos. We won't rent or sell your information, and you can unsubscribe at any time. Amalia Leon Ramirez clutches a statue at the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe. The story is best known from a manuscript written in the Aztecs native language Nahuatl by the scholar Antonio Valeriano. Our Lady of Guadalupe - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online Accessed 11 August 2017. The Virgin of Guadalupe, like the shroud of Turin, appears on a piece of fabric. [37], Sahagn's criticism of the indigenous group seems to have stemmed primarily from his concern about a syncretistic application of the native name Tonantzin to the Catholic Virgin Mary. Chvez said the idea that the image was painted by human hands is simply and plainly impossible, because among other important details, St. Juan Diego's tilma doesn't even have any brushstrokes on it.. The second miracle was the explosion of a bomb near the Tilma in 1921. The bishop said that he would believe that the Blessed Mother had appeared if he brought a sign. To this day it defies all scientific explanations of its origin. Candles left by visitors sit at the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe prior to its closure. Viva Mexico! and a city official joined in her chant. That material cited an unlinked source and appeared to form the basis of both circulating claims (translated). [18] It is one of the many dark- or black-skinned Madonnas in Spain and is revered in the Monastery of Santa Mara de Guadalupe, in the town of Guadalupe, from which numerous Spanish conquistadors stem. Juan Diego obeyed her instruction and he found Castilian roses, not native to Mexico, blooming there. The Franciscan bishops never treated him badly, on the contrary, he treated him with affection as well as with a lot of respect, and much dignity, Chvez said. Many Mexicans aren't aware that the original Guadalupe is from Extremadura, Spain. He noted that one of the most bizarre characteristics of the cloth is that the back side is rough and coarse, but the front side is as soft as the most pure silk, as noted by painters and scientists in 1666, and confirmed one century later in 1751 by the Mexican painter, Miguel Cabrera., Following an analysis of some of the fibers in 1946, it was concluded that the fibers came from the Agave plant, however, noted Dr. Orozco, the researchers couldnt figure out which of the 175 Agave species the Tilma was made from. There is no sketch underneath it, no brush strokes, and no corrections. Am I not here, who am your Mother? The real fact is that we dont have a natural explanation for this event., Dr. Orozco thanked the audience for listening to his presentation and closed by reassuring them that Our Lady visited Mexico 478 years ago, but she remains there to give Her Love, Her Mercy and Her Care to anyone who needs it, and to bring Her Son, Jesus Christ to everyone who receives Him.. [The virus] does existbut we know that before God and before our prayers and supplications [to the Virgin], she will protect us.". We also addressed some of the pseudoscience that the image has attracted. Dunning, Brian. TRUTH This is true. [35] From then on the shrine was kept and served by diocesan priests under the authority of the archbishop. By Francesca Merlo The Virgin of Guadalupe, like the shroud of Turin, appears on a piece of fabric. A new discovery raises a mystery. The first apparition occurred on the morning of Saturday, 9 December 1531 (Julian calendar, which is December 19 on the (proleptic) Gregorian calendar in present use). She assured him that Juan Bernardino had now recovered and told him to gather flowers from the summit of Tepeyac Hill, which was normally barren, especially in the cold of December. Juan Diegon gathered the roses into his simple rob and took them to Zumarraga bishop. I was worried. Peter. Some had prayers written on them, or the names of those who need healing. When you subscribe to the CNA UPDATE, we'll send you a daily email with links to the news you need and, occasionally, breaking news. Our Lady of Guadalupe 'completely beyond' scientific explanation, says This appears to be borne out by the fact that this goddess already had a temple dedicated to her on the very Tepeyac Hill where Juan Diego had his vision, the same temple which had recently been destroyed at the behest of the new Spanish Catholic authorities. Excavating priests rediscovered the hidden statue and built a small shrine around it which became the great Guadalupe monastery. Discussion in 'The Cesspool' started by bearer_of_truth, Sep 16, 2016. The shrine houses a statue reputed to have been carved by Luke the Evangelist and given to Leander of Seville, archbishop of Seville, by Pope Gregory I. [82], The iconography of the Virgin is fully Catholic:[83] Miguel Snchez, the author of the 1648 tract Imagen de la Virgen Mara, described her as the Woman of the Apocalypse from the New Testament's Revelation 12:1, "clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars." Mexico adapts its mega-pilgrimage to the Virgin Mary in a disrupted year Skeptoid. Brading 2001) suggests that, while the image was painted not long after the Spanish conquest and was alleged to have miraculous powers, the pious legend of Marys appearance to Juan Diego may date from the following century. In 1737 she was proclaimed patroness of Mexico City, and in 1746 her patronage was accepted by all the territories of New Spain, which included part of present-day California as well as Mexico and regions as far south as Guatemala and El Salvador. Nuestra Seora de Guadalupe became a recognized symbol of Catholic Mexicans. The image in the eyes of the Virgin follow the curvature of the cornea, in the way it occurs in a normal human eye, Juan Diego's Tilma: A Remarkable Source of Conversion, Displayed in the Cathedral atop Tepeyac Hill in Mexico, the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe on Juan Diegos tilma has been a remarkable source of conversion to Catholicism throughout Mexico, It has also been a source of strength and grace for the Catholic religion as a whole, particularly in times of persecution and secularism, The message of Our Lady to Juan Diegofilled with love and affection for the native people of the western hemispherehas inspired tens of thousands of people. Social media users shared links from RCatholics.com and Matrix Drops, the former dated 7 August 2017 and the latter with no easily discernible date. The numbers of the visitors reach twenty millions throughout the year. Born under Aztec rule, he is a convert to Catholicism, and each step he takes this morning is a step into history. On February 8, 1887, a Papal bull from Pope Leo XIII granted permission a Canonical Coronation of the image, which occurred on October 12, 1895. Pope Francis prays before Our Lady of Guadalupe. We have sister language agencies in Kenya, Germany, Peru, Brazil, and Italy. Nevertheless, the most important section of the tract, the Nican Mopohua, appears to be much older. By the 16th century, the Extremadura Guadalupe, a statue of the Virgin said to be carved by Luke the Evangelist, was already a national icon. Diego went to the bishop for the second time. The codex was the subject of an appendix to the Guadalupe encyclopedia, published in 1997. The record of the 1556 ecclesiastical inquiry omitted him, and he was not mentioned in documentation before the mid-17th century. [24][25][26], On the other hand, in 1666, the scholar Luis Becerra Tanco published in Mexico a book about the history of the apparitions under the name "Origen milagroso del santuario de Nuestra Seora de Guadalupe," which was republished in Spain in 1675 as "Felicidad de Mexico en la admirable aparicin de la virgen Mara de Guadalupe y origen de su milagrosa Imagen, que se venera extramuros de aquella ciudad. In the Lives of Mexicans." [95] More recently, the contemporary Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) named their "mobile city" in honor of the Virgin: it is called Guadalupe Tepeyac. Afterwards, Juan Diego visited Juan de Zumrraga, who was Archbishop of what is now Mexico City. And they now come to visit from very far away, as far away as before, which is also suspicious, because everywhere there are many churches of Our Lady and they do not go to them. Holy Activist, Secular Saint: Religion and the Social Activism of Csar Chvez.. "lnek Titullta A NASA A Guadalupei Szzanya Kegykpet." Children are tied together with string so their parents dont lose them in the moving crowd. Samuel Alvarez Morales works as a respiratory therapist with COVID patients in a hospital in Mexico City. Mary then appeared a second time to Juan Diego and ordered him to collect roses. The annual feast day of the Virgin of Guadalupe is normally one of the worlds largest religious pilgrimages. The four-and-a-half-foot-tall image of Our Lady of Guadalupe imprinted on Juan Diego's cloak in 1531 depicts a young pregnant woman encircled by rays of sunlight. In contrast to the original, unprotected tilma which has not been damaged after more than a hundred years by the UV-rays, the moist, salty air and the tens of thousands of lit candles near the image. This year Mexico is reeling from a coronavirus death toll of at least 118,000the fourth highest globally. An online campaign encouraged devotees to instead set up home shrines and tune in to a livestreamed mass. In great distress, the natives carried him before the Virgin's image and pleaded for his life. In a typical year, its common to see dozens of pilgrims crawling down the long boulevard that leads to the basilica. Gonzlez, Ondina E. and Justo L. Gonzlez. Under-drawing: Callahan asserted there was no under-drawing. without protective glass. The records shows that a woman appeared in a gold fog and called upon the man to go to the bishop [] I want a church to be built on this place! The bishop did not believe Juan Diego and the meeting repeated itself the next day. NASA has called the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe living During her first apparition she requested that a shrine to her be built on the spot where she appeared, Tepeyac Hill (now in a suburb of Mexico City). TRUTH [115] Replicas of the tilma can be found in thousands of churches throughout the world, and numerous parishes bear her name. A few pilgrims snuck around the street barricades to get closer to the basilica but found its gates impenetrable. A sunburst of straight and wavy gold rays are projected behind her and around her and are enclosed within a mandorla. Did Bishop Juan de Zumrraga mistreat Saint Juan Diego? Another group is visible at the center of Our Lady .

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