border collie seizure

Data of BCs diagnosed with IE during the period of five consecutive years were retrospectively analyzed. No significant associations were found between specific ASMs and the occurrence of side effects (yes/no) or the number of ASMs used in the treatment and the number of side effects. Walking aimlessly and lethargy were the most common identified post-ictal signs. (2019) 252:105354. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105354, 9. The very weak positive correlation of QOL with age at the time of data collection should not be overinterpreted. The genes involved in some of hereditary epilepsies in humans have now been determined and it has been found that the majority encode for the ion channels (the channels in the cell walls through which charged ions enter when the cell is passing a signal). Medication canreduce the risk of seizures occurring with increasing frequency and severity and progression to cluster seizures and status epilepticus. UFAW is grateful to Rosie Godfrey BVetMed MRCVS and David Godfrey BVetMed FRCVS for their work in compiling this section, Barker J (1989) Diagnosis and management of seizures. Breed-specific differences regarding IE in dogs may hold important implications for owners, prognostication and successful clinical management (6). Dogs with partial seizures, which remain conscious, may suffer fear, though this is difficult to judge. A total of 34/86 (40%) of treated dogs were treated with 1 ASM and 52/86 (60%) were treated with 2 ASMs. In total, 74% of dogs were treated with ASMs, compared with 78% of dogs in the study by Hlsmeyer et al. For example, low levels of GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain) could lead to increasing neurone excitability. The prevalence of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) within the Border Collie (BC) dog breed is high. Associations between neutering and idiopathic epilepsy in Labrador retrievers and Border collies under primary veterinary care in the UK. Journal of Small Animal Practice 39: 23-29, Lieberman D and Mody I (1999) Properties of single NMDA receptor channels in human dentate gyrus granule cells. How do you know if an animal is a carrier or likely to become affected? The seizures (ie fits or convulsions) seen in epilepsy are caused by uncontrolled, random, over excitation of parts of the brain, with excessive firing of the nerve cells (neurones) (Shell, 2003b). Dogs having experienced CS, SE, or both were scored significantly lower QoL scores [7 (110)] by their owners than dogs that had not experienced CS, SE, or both 9 (110) (P = < 0.01). Seizures often occur when the animal is relaxed and resting so many occur at night (Skerritt 1998), and they may come to be more frequent with time (Shell 2003a). It is possible that some forms of canine IE may have a similar basis (Chandler 2006). Recently Mellersh (2010) suggested the incidence is much higher with over 3% of all dogs being affected with this rising to 20% of some breeds. The number of Border collies affected is unknown; however, Rusbridge (no year) suggests the Border collie is one of the breeds that has a particularly high incidence of IE. (2014) 202:4716. Loscher W and Schwartz-Porsche D (1986) Low Levels of -Aminobutyric Acid in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs with Epilepsy. Seizure occurrence in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK: prevalence and risk factors. Still, as the moment of data collection was not standardized (e.g., before starting ASM or after, the time elapsed since age at onset of first ES was variable et cetera), the interpretation and analysis of these data are confounded. In humans, generalised seizures can include absent or petit mal seizures in which there is loss of consciousness but none of the other behaviours associated with seizure. Neuroscience Letters 356: 536, http://depositphotos.com/21345839/stock-photo-border-collie-sheepdog.html Depositphotos.com/freddie10, Support the genetic welfare problems web resource, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, The International Animal Welfare Science Society, Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. The majority of Dutch cases were seen by PM and the majority of Belgium cases by SB. Outline: Epilepsy is spontaneous, random electrical over-activity of a small or large part of the brain which causes localised muscle activity (eg twitches) or generalised, whole body seizures, convulsions or fits. QoL scores for dead dogs were significantly low and QoL score changes were significantly higher than that for dogs that were alive. Vet Rec. As Bell (2010) suggested: individuals whose siblings are normal, and whose parents' siblings are normal have the greatest chance of carrying a low genetic load for the condition. J Am Vet Med Assoc. QoL of BC can be heavily impacted by IE. (2012) 26:11625. This type of seizure seems rare in dogs (Lorenz 2007). Various hypotheses have been proposed including: The seizures caused by epilepsy are paroxysmal alternations in behaviour (that is, they occur suddenly) and when they affect the whole body, there is associated loss of consciousness (Lorenz 2007). International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs. There was no significant association between dogs being treated or not and being treated with 1 or >1 ASMs vs. having experienced CS, SE, or both. We did not find any associations between the implementation of vaccinations or the use of anthelmintic or anti-ectoparasitic drugs and clinical variables and ES frequency or the occurrence of CS/SE or both. Lorenz M (2007) Forebrain and Brainstem Disorders. Hlsmeyer VI, Fischer A, Mandigers PJ, DeRisio L, Berendt M, Rusbridge C, et al. In addition, some of the recorded data were unspecific. ACVIM. Clinical presentations of naturally occurring canine seizures: similarities to human seizures. Table 1. The QoL of BC with IE was scored with a median score of 7 out of 10. This elucidates the difficulty in the interpretation of signs reported by owners and their subjective nature. Number and percentages of dogs experiencing cluster seizures (CS) and status epilepticus (SE) (n = 114). Odds ratios were calculated and reported with 95% CIs. However, during the periods before and after the seizures, there can be signs of fear and distress (Oberbauer 2005). The project is known as the LUPA project (http://www.eurolupa.org/). For most breeds of dog, including the Border collie, the genes responsible are yet to be identified. A total of 69 cases were excluded because did not meet inclusion criteria. Patterson (2007) suggested that most canine IE has a genetic basis. Altered nerve cell membrane functioning affecting the cells excitability. Also, up-to-date information on the incidence of IE in the BC is very helpful in evaluating measures taken by breeders to reduce the prevalence of IE within the breed. Assigning and using breeding values in this way has decreased the incidence of IE in the Belgian Tervuren breed (Famula and Oberbauer 1998). In the 46/114 (40%) dogs where triggers or temporal patterns were identified, stress was reported as a trigger in 22/46 (48%). Of those BCs still alive at data collection (n = 88), the median age at the time of data collection was 48 months (9166). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Anthelmintic drugs were used in 72/103 (70%) dogs and anti-ectoparasitic were used in 66/103 (64%) dogs. Dogs with IE are clinically normal between seizures (Skerritt 1998, Shell 2003a). Shell L (2003a) Primary epilepsy. The QoL of BC with IE was scored by 95 out of 116 (82%) owners with a median score of 7 (110). A cohort study of epilepsy among 665,000 insured dogs: incidence, mortality and survival after diagnosis. We use cookies to improve your experience of our site. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female dogs, neutered and intact dogs, and alive or dead dogs with respect to being treated or not. Prevalence and risk factors for canine epilepsy of unknown origin in the UK. Owners were requested to complete a standardized online questionnaire including quality-of-life (QoL) scoring questions. If pedigree analysis is comprehensive across the breed, breeding values can be assigned, allowing comparison of the genetic merit of individuals within the breed. The frequency and severity of fits varies between individuals. The median ES frequency per month was 1 (017). Tufts' Canine and Feline Breeding and Genetics Conference, 2007. BMC Vet Res. Very frequent or prolonged seizures can lead to brain damage and death. We chose to include an owner-reported ES frequency over the last 3 months as owner-recall bias would be expected to have a larger influence on ES frequency calculated over longer periods of time than shorter periods of time. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.880318/full#supplementary-material, 1. However, the pre- and post-seizure phases may be unpleasant (Oberbauer 2005) and cause disorientation. Although a genetic basis was strongly indicated by observations from the earlier study on BC dogs (7) and clinical experience of many veterinary neurologists has suggested this for a long while, no causative genetic mutations or variations have been identified yet in the BC breed. The time frame of ES frequency calculated over the last 3 months has been applied in the recent studies and we chose this time frame as most owners had ES diaries pertaining to that period (19). British Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress 2010, Birmingham, Oberbauer A (2005) Recent Progress on the Genetics of Canine Epilepsy and Addison's Disease. Medication may have adverse welfare consequences as frequent visits to the vets may be necessary to stabilize and then monitor dogs, and may cause unpleasant side effects. Only a few dogs had (additional) focal ES that were characterized as either autonomic, behavioral or motor. Pearson correlation tests [reported as r(df) = r, P] were performed to evaluate and describe if there were significant relationships (P < 0.01 were considered significant) between clinical variables using Microsoft Excel (2021). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Experimental Neurology 179: 200209, Zhu L, Chen Z, Zhang L, Xu S, Xu A and Luo J (2004) Spatiotemporal changes of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit levels in rats with pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. In 64/115 (56%) dogs, pre-ictal signs were reported. Huenerfauth E, Nessler J, Erath J, Tipold A. Weissl J, Hlsmeyer V, Brauer C, Tipold A, Koskinen LL, Kystil K, et al. Due to its retrospective nature, the diagnostic work-up varied within the study population. Dogs that were dead (QoL pertaining to when the dog was still alive) were scored to have 90% (0100) reduction in QoL, which was a statistically significantly higher change compared with a reduction of 30% (080%) for those dogs that were still alive (P = < 0.01). In 68/114 (60%) dogs, no triggers or temporal patterns were identified. General seizures, also called tonic/clonic seizures or grand mal seizures, are the most common form in animals (Lorenz 2007). 9:880318. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.880318. 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