american staffordshire terrier cancer

When symptoms are severe, surgery may be needed to realign the kneecap to keep it from popping out of place. The blood clotting mechanism can also sometimes be affected. Stiffness in your Staffords elbows or hips may become a problem for him, especially as he matures. Though its tempting to give your pal food when she looks at you with those soulful eyes, you can love her to death with leftover people food and doggie treats. This is when well give her the necessary check-ups and test for diseases and conditions that are common in Staffords. Call us immediately! These tumors commonly form in the spleen, but can form in other organs as well. In some severe cases, the problem may be extremely difficult to control. Some of these parasites can be transmitted to you or a family member and are a serious concern for everyone. In mild cases, pet owners may notice a few dry, irritated, hairless lesions. Many dogs adjust well to losing their vision and get along just fine. Treatment usually includes oral medications, and requires close coordination with us to ensure correct dosing. However, such agents may only prolong life rather than achieving a complete cure (Hahn et al 2008, Blackwood 2010). Aubrey Animal Medical Center supports the Veterinary Care Charitable Fund. Wound healing in these areas may be delayed: for example, after a surgical biopsy. Your dog is special! As well as causing disease in the same way as any other cancer as a result of organ damage and dysfunction, pain, debilitation and appetite reduction; the adverse effects of mast cell tumours are also caused by the uncontrolled release of the biologically active chemicals that these cells produce. Prompt veterinary care is important to keep the disease from getting out of hand. All kinds of worms and bugs can invade your Staffies body, inside and out. All dogs have them. Methods and prospects for elimination of the problem. Tumours are also graded either I, II or III according to their cellular characteristics. For example, if your pet needs hip X-rays or a puppy tooth extracted, this would be a good time. However, tackling the disease by selective breeding is, at present, complicated by the fact that these tumours often develop after breeding age (Nuttall et al 2009). Well watch for the lenses of his eyes to become more opaquemeaning they look cloudy instead of clearwhen we examine him. Dont overfeed him and dont supplement with additional calcium. Veterinary Pathology 46: 227-32, Murphy S, Sparkes AH, Brearley MJ, Smith KC and Blunden AS (2004) Relationships between the histological grade of cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs, their survival and the efficacy of surgical resection. In: Muller & Kirks Small Animal Dermatology 5th edition pp 1056 WB Saunders, Philadelphia, Valent P (2010) Diagnosis, Classification, and Therapy of Mastocytosis. Symptoms typically start between the ages of one and three and can get worse every year. Australian Veterinary Journal 81:732738, Blackwood L (2010) Mast Cell Tumours: Where Do TKIs Fit In? If we dont prevent or treat dental disease, your buddy will lose her teeth and be in danger of damaging her kidneys, liver, heart, and joints. Staffordshire Bull Terriers generally have good teeth, and you can keep them perfect by brushing them at least twice a week! She has low grooming needs. As well as causing disease in the same way as other cancers by causing organ damage and dysfunction, pain, debilitation and reduced appetite - mast cell tumours can also cause disease through the uncontrolled release of the biologically active chemicals that are produced in these specialised cells (Dobson & Scase 2007). Once activated, they release a variety of biologically active chemicals (the best known being histamine) that cause local inflammation, and which attract other types of immune system cells to the site. Shes your best friend, companion, and a source of unconditional love. 20th European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine-Companion Animal Congress, 2010, Webster JD, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Kaneene JB, Miller R, Resau JH and Kiupel M (2006) The role of c-KIT in tumorigenesis: evaluation in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. Note the length of the seizure, and call us or an emergency hospital. You may notice that he begins to show lameness in his legs or has difficulty getting up from lying down. This is convenient for you and easy for your friend. Mast cell tumours causing solitary masses on the skin may affect welfare for only a relatively short period of a few weeks if successfully treated. Spread of the tumour to internal organs can compromise their function and cause pain. There are also several types of the systemic form of the disease in which the disease is found throughout the body. Everything from fleas and ticks to ear mites can infest herskin and ears. Surgery is sometimes a good option in severe and life-limiting cases. Diagnosis is usually made through the microscopic examination of cells collected by inserting a needle into the tumour (Baker-Gabb et al 2003). Most heart disease in dogs is caused by weakening of a valve. The condition usually develops slowly, and the early signs are easily missed. Mast cell tumours are the second commonest malignant tumour of dogs, affecting 129 per 100,000 insured dogs each year (Dobson et al 2002, Brnden et al 2010), and they represent around 20 per cent of all the skin tumours reported (Dorn et al 1968). A review. There is no way to predict which individuals will be affected and it is not known if carriers can exist which, whilst not developing the disease themselves, can pass the risk of the disease on to offspring. Their powerful jaws require a multitude of durable chew toys. Veterinary Record 154: 743-746, Nuttall T, Harvey RG and McKeever PJ (2009) Mast cell neoplasia. While it may seem overwhelming, each condition can be diagnosed and treated to prevent undue pain and suffering. The nostrils are often too small, and sometimes the trachea, or windpipe, is narrow and undersized. Both hips and elbows are at risk for dysplasia , an inherited disease that causes the joints to develop improperly and results in arthritis. These often occur on the face or feet and may or may not be itchy. It is likely, since there is clearly a genetic basis to the Staffordshire bull terriers predisposition to develop the disease, that breeding only from dogs that have not had mast cell tumours would result in reduction in its prevalence. Neoplasia 8: 104-11, Weisse C, Shofer FS and Sorenmo K (2002) Recurrence Rates and Sites for Grade II Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors Following Complete Surgical Excision. due to compression or compromising the movement of surrounding tissues) and of the effects of the histamine and the other biologically active substances produced by the tumour cells. Their welfare effects range from the local itching, discomfort and pain associated with localised tumours in the skin, to the more severe pain, discomfort and malaise that is experienced when internal organs are affected or as a result of gastrointestinal ulceration caused by the release of the chemical histamine. There are three types of seizures in dogs: reactive, secondary, and primary. We will evaluate his eyes at every examination to look for any signs of concern. Cancer is a leading cause of death among dogs in their golden years. Most of these developmental errors cause no problems at all, some can only be detected by a vet using special tests, some are obvious, and a few can cause serious vision problems. Brush her coat as needed, at least weekly. Shell feel better, and so will you! However, tackling this disease by selective breeding is, at present, complicated by the fact that these tumours often develop after breeding age (Nuttall et al 2009). Unbeknownst to a pet owner, the tumor breaks open and internal bleeding occurs. Lots of dogs enjoy a healthy game of chase the tail. However, for some Staffordshire Bull Terriers, this can become a repetitive, compulsive neurologic disorder similar in some ways to a seizure, during which the dog may actually injure himself. Tumours occur as a result of genetic mutations that result in abnormal growth of cells. There may also be adverse welfare consequences associated with efforts to diagnose and treatment these tumours (whoch may include surgery and radiotherapy) (Ladue et al 1998, Blackwood 2010, Chaffin & Thrall 2002, Weiss et al 2002, London et al 2009, Robat et al 2010). Later, a potbelly, thin skin, and hair loss are characteristic. These welfare effects can be a result of both the mechanical effects of the tumour(s) (e.g. Licking the paws, rubbing the face, and frequent ear infections are the most common signs. Exercise your dog regularly, but dont overdo it at first. She has a strong chase instinct, so she needs to be leash walked and a fenced play area is a must. If the problem is mild and involves only one leg, your friend may not require much treatment beyond arthritis medication. Keep in mind that overweight dogs may develop arthritis years earlier than those of normal weight, causing undue pain and suffering! Staffordshire Bull Terriers are susceptible to bacterial and viral infectionsthe same ones that all dogs can getsuch as parvo, rabies, and distemper. Copyright 2018 Aubrey Animal Medical Center. Locally, there is often inflammation around the tumour mass with redness, oedema (fluid in the tissue), and pain. This problem is often an inherited condition, with Staffordshire Bull Terriers commonly afflicted. Of course, we cant cover every possibility here, so always check with us if you notice any unusual signs or symptoms. The appearance of a mast cell tumour in the skin is very variable and can be hard to distinguish from other growths. Another gene mutation can affect the platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), which is involved in the blood supply to growing tumours. This appears to be influenced partly by the site of the tumour. Reactive seizures are caused by the brains reaction to a metabolic problem like low blood sugar, organ failure, or a toxin. Cancer morbidity in dogs and cats from Alameda County. Both this and the receptor affected by the c-KIT gene contain the protein, tyrosine kinase (TK), and are affected by some modern drug treatments (tyrosine kinase inhibitors - TKIs) that can be somewhat effective against cancers caused by these mutations in humans and dogs (Blackwood 2010). There are a few different types of stones that can form in the kidney or in the bladder, and Staffordshire Bull Terriers are more likely to develop them than other breeds. Normally a dogs immune system keeps the mites in check, but some breeds, like your Stafford, develop an overabundance of these mites. pp 74 7. There has been some research into the genetic causes of mast cell tumours but the roles of the genes involved (see above) remain unclear (Munday et al 2009) and there are no published studies regarding heritability or the pattern of inheritance. This gene influences receptors in the cell that bind with growth promoting substances. There is no way to predict which individuals will be affected and it is not known if carriers can exist, that can, without having developed the disease themselves, pass the risk of it on to offspring. Mast cells are part of the immune system. Many of these dogs can barely breathe! The appearance of cutaneous (skin) mast cell tumours is very variable. Dont worry; well discuss the specific problems we will be looking for when the time arrives. The gene, c-KIT, is known to be involved in some, but not all, canine mast cell tumours (London et al 1990). If your buddy has blood in his urine, cant urinate, or is straining to urinate, it is a medical emergency. It is a serious disease that may causeor worsen joint problems, metabolic and digestive disorders, back pain and heart disease. We will describe the most common issues seen inStaffordshire Bull Terriersto give you an idea of what may come up in her future. For your canine friend, these parasites can cause pain, discomfort, and even death, so its important that we test for them on a regular basis. Tartar build-up, bad breath, red gums, or broken teeth, Itchy skin (scratching, chewing, or licking), hair loss, Lethargy, mental dullness, or excessive sleeping, Fearfulness, aggression, or other behavioral changes, Dry, scaly, sometimes itchy hairless patches on face or paws, Scratching or shaking the head, tender ears, or ear discharge, Inability or straining to urinate; discolored urine, Cloudiness, redness, itching, or any other abnormality involving the eyes, Leg stiffness, reluctance to rise, sit, use stairs, jump, or bunny hopping, Drinks and urinates more, eats more, potbelly, poor haircoat, Coughing, especially at night or upon rising after sleeping, rapid breathing at rest, Any abnormal shaking, trembling, or excessive involuntary tremors. The Staffordshire Bull Terrier originated in England during the 19th century. (Yes, dogs can get braces!) University of Prince Edward Island. Various medications may also be needed. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 40: 307-318, Gorman NT and Halliwell REW (1989) In: Veterinary Clinical Immunology pp 35 W.B. Many diseases and health conditions are genetic, meaning they are related to your pets breed. Diagnosis is usually made by microscopic examination of cells collected by insertion of a needle into the tumour (Baker-Gabb et al 2003). More commonly, affected animals develop gastrointestinal disease, especially ulceration, as a result of histamine release by the tumour. They also play a central role in allergic reactions (Gorman & Halliwell 1989, Misdorp 2004, Dobson & Scase 2007). Our goal is to provide the best health care possible: health care thats based on her breed, lifestyle, and age. Diagnostic tests and treatments for the disease may also have adverse welfare effects (Ladue et al 1998, Chaffin & Thrall 2002, Weisse et al 2002, London et al 2009, Blackwood 2010, Robat et al 2010). Clinical Cancer Research 15: 3856-65, Marconato L, Bettini G, Giacoboni C, Romanelli G, Cesari A, Zatelli A and Zini E (2008) Clinicopathological Features and Outcome for Dogs with Mast Cell Tumors and Bone Marrow Involvement. Solitary mast cell tumours vary fromn the benign to the aggressively malignant. Although the lower grade forms of the disease may be completely cured, death is a common outcome for the more malignant forms. You will know what to watch for, and we will all feel better knowing that were taking the best possible care of your pal. Veterinary medical guide to dog and cat breeds. More rapid progress would be possible if it there was a way to detect the genes responsible for the condition but there is no such test at present. Well check his eyes for problems, and discuss specific conditions as they apply to your buddy. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22:13011309, Ladue T, Price GS, Dodge R, Page RL and Thrall DE (1998) Radiation therapy for incompletely resected canine mast cell tumors. A DNA test is available, and affected or carrier dogs should be neutered to avoid passing on the condition. The important thing is to be able to tell when to seek veterinary help, and how urgently. Although Staffordshire bull terriers are more likely than other breeds to develop these tumours, it has been suggested that these are more likely to be of the benign type than those that occur in other breeds (Dobson & Scase 2007). L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria (L2HGA) is caused by an error of metabolism. We want to keep your buddys teeth healthy so we will be watching his developing teeth closely. He has the same amount of tissue in his nose and throat as the longer-nosed dogs, but theres no place for it to go. They can be solitary or can occur as multiple masses. If this occurs, surgery may be required to fix the problem. Dental disease is the most common chronic problem in pets, affecting 80% of all dogs by age two. Mast cell tumours are among the commonest forms of neoplasia (cancer) in dogs. When Stafford puppies are allowed to grow too quickly, the cartilage in their joints may not attach to the bone properly. Your Staffordshire Bull Terrier is a bit more prone to certain kinds of cancer starting at a younger age. Baker-Gabb BM, Hunt G and France M (2003) Soft tissue sarcomas and mast cell tumours in dogs; clinical behaviour and response to surgery. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 42: 435-443, Robat C, London C, Bunting L, McCartan L, Stingle N, Selting K, Kurzman I and Vail DM (2010) Safety evaluation of combination vinblastine and toceranib phosphate (Palladia) in dogs: a phase I dose-finding study. Surgery to remove cataracts and restore sight may also be an option. Experimental Haematology 27: 689-697, London CA, Malpas PB, Wood-Follis SL, Boucher JF, Rusk AW, Rosenberg MP, Henry CJ, Mitchener KL, Klein MK, Hintermeister JG, Bergman PJ, Couto GC, Mauldin GN and Michels GM (2009) Multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study of oral toceranib phosphate (SU11654), a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, for the treatment of dogs with recurrent (either local or distant) mast cell tumor following surgical excision. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology no. Veterinary dental care and fatty acid supplementation can help prevent heart disease and weight control can help diminish symptoms. Many diseases cause dogs to have a characteristic combination of symptoms, which together can be a clear signal that your Staffordshire Bull Terrier needs help. Well take X-rays of your dogs bones to identify issues as early as possible. Another very important step in caring for your pet is signing up for pet health insurance. Be sure to adhere to the schedule of examinations and vaccinations that we recommend for her. That is why we have summarized the health concerns we will be discussing with you over the life of your Stafford. Eyeballs are pretty complicated structures, and sometimes they dont grow exactly according to plan. You may have also noticed these characteristics: Is it all worth it? Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 43:392395, Dobson JM, Samuel S, Milstein H, Rogers K and Wood JL (2002) Canine neoplasia in the UK: estimates of incidence rates from a population of insured dogs. Adaptable to a wide variety of living conditions, Must be properly socialized as a puppy to avoid aggression as an adult, Prone to boredom and separation anxiety when left alone and will find trouble, May be territorial when it comes to cats and other dogs, Is a bit mouthylikes to carry and chew things. One of the best things you can do for your Stafford is to have her spayed (neutered for males). If your dog has a seizure: Carefully prevent him from injuring himself, but dont try to control his mouth or tongue. Sometimes your Staffords kneecap (patella) may slip out of place (called patellar luxation). If we catch it early, we may be able to prevent problems with special behavior training. Well clean your dogs teeth regularly and let you know what you can do at home to keep those pearly whites clean. They usually occur in the skin but can occur elsewhere, especially in the gastrointestinal tract (Misdorp 2004, Dobson & Scase 2007, Valent 2010). Occasionally anaphylaxis, a systemic allergic response in which the whole body is affected, may occur in dogs with mast cell tumours. Mast cell tumors are a particularly nasty type of skin cancer found more often in Staffordshire Bull Terriers, and the sooner they are surgically removed the better. In severe cases, surgical correction may be recommended. Lifelong medication is usually necessary to help keep seizures under control, with periodic blood testing required to monitor side effects and effectiveness. She is well suited to apartment life as long as she is given daily walks and frequent play sessions. She can be tenacious and willful, but with a patient and confident leader she makes a loving and gentle family companion. UFAW is grateful to Rosie Godfrey BVetMed MRCVS and David Godfrey BVetMed FRCVS for their work in compiling this section. Symptoms include drinking and urinating more than normal, increased appetite and reduced activity level. Veterinary Pathology 39: 529535, http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/derm/Home/MASTCELL/canine/cmct.htm accessed 19.9.2011, By mrs staffies (licence libre) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons, Support the genetic welfare problems web resource, Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, The International Animal Welfare Science Society, Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. The exact defect responsible for the disease is unknown. They are produced in bone marrow. Dont worrywell show you how! Available from: http://www.akcchf.org/canine-health/breed-specific-concerns/?breed=staffordshire-bull-terrier. Grade I masses and the low malignancy grade II tumours are likely to be cured by surgery alone. The welfare effects of these tumours depend on their malignancy and the sites at which they grow. Not many things have as dramatic an impact on your dogs quality of life as the proper functioning of his eyes. We often find clues that one of these tumors is present during senior wellness testing, so have his blood tested and an ultrasound performed at least yearly. Keep your dogs diet consistent and dont give her people food. Mast cell tumours cannot be diagnosed by visual examination because their appearance is very variable (Nuttall et al 2009). Distichiasis is a condition caused by extra hairs that grow inside of the eyelid and rub on the surface of the eye. With diligent observation at home and knowledge about the diseases that may affect your friends bones, joints, or muscles you will be able to take great care of him throughout his life. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 39:5762, London CA,Galli SJ, Yuuki T, Zhi-QingHu b Z-Q, Helfand SC and Geissler EN (1999) Spontaneous canine mast cell tumors express tandem duplications in the proto-oncogene c-kit. How do you know if an animal is a carrier or likely to become affected? Available from: http://ic.upei.ca/cidd/breed/staffordshire-bull-terrier, Breed Specific Health Concerns [Internet]. In humans, an allergy to pollen, mold, or dust makes people sneeze and their eyes itch. Pets with heart valve disease (sometimes called mitral valve disease) have a heart murmur. Performing this surgery also gives us a chance, while your pet is under anesthesia, to identify and address some of the diseases your dog is likely to develop. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00261.x, Scott DW, Miller WH and Griffin CE (1995) Mast cell tumour. As a consequence, the soft palate (the soft part at the back of the roof of the mouth), is too long and hangs down into the airway. Chances are that you chose her because you like Staffies and you expected her to have certain traits that would fit your lifestyle: However, no dog is perfect! Many of these infections are preventable through vaccination, which we will recommend based on the diseases we see in our area, herage, and other factors. Many cancers are cured by surgically removing them, so early detection and removal is critical. Veterinary Record 166: 586-590, Chaffin K and Thrall DE (2002) Results of radiation therapy in 19 dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumor and regional lymph node metastasis. Secondary skin infections may occur. If not successfully treated, they are likely to cause increasing discomfort, pain, distress and ultimately, death. They are cancerous growths of mast cells, a cell type that is present in tissues throughout the body and which form part of the immune system. They adore people, chewing, and playing. In females, this means we surgically remove the ovaries and usually the uterus, and in males, it means we surgically remove the testicles. 8. Watch her diet, make sure she gets plenty of exercise, regularly brush her teeth and coat, and call us or a pet emergency hospital when something seems unusual (see What to Watch For below). In fact, your Staffords life span may be cut short by one to three years! Veterinary Pathology 21: 469474, Peters JA (1969) Canine mastocytoma: excess risk as related to ancestry. A heart valve slowly becomes deformed so that it no longer closes tightly. All of these things lead to a narrow and obstructed airway. For example, those around muco-cutaneous junctions (where skin meets mucous membranes - the linings of orifices eg at the lips) and in the groin of male dogs tend to be more malignant. We use cookies to improve your experience of our site. These can be similar to various other types of skin neoplasia. In dogs, rather than sneeze, allergies make their skin itchy. In: Skin Disease of the Dog and Cat 2nd edition. Journal of Small Animal Practice 43: 240-6, Dobson JM and Scase TJ (2007) Advances in the diagnosis and management of cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs. Recently-developed drugs may prove more effective (London et al 2009, Blackwood 2010, Robat et al 2010). These can occur in various forms and can be benign or malignant. The good news is that there are many treatment options available for this condition. This is difficult but various special examinations involving collection of samples from nearby lymph nodes, cytology, histology, and imaging with X-rays and/or ultrasound examinations may be helpful (Dobson & Scase 2007). Saunders, Philadelphia, Hahn K, Oglivie G, Rusk T, Devauchelle P, Leblanc A, Legendre A, Powers B, Leventhal P, Kinet J-P, Palmerini F, Dubreuil P, Moussy A and Hermine O (2008) Masitinib is Safe and Effective for the Treatment of Canine Mast Cell Tumors. Staffordshire bull terriers are predisposed to these tumours (Baker-Gabb et al 2003) and are said to be around four times as likely to develop them than the average dog (http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/derm/Home/MASTCELL/canine/cmct.htm). Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs and Cats. There will certainly be medical tests and procedures she will need throughout her life and pet health insurance will help you cover those costs. They were initially used for bull and bear baiting and then for dog fighting. We know that because you care so much about your dog, you want to take good care of her. A number of different musculoskeletal problems have been reported in Staffordshire Bull Terriers. These cancers are most commonly found in the skin but can occur at other sites throughout the body especially in the gastrointestinal tract (Misdorp 2004, Dobson & Scase 2007, Valent 2010). This is one of the most commonly inherited diseases in dogs, and your Stafford is more likely than other dogs to develop this painful condition. Much of what you can do to keep your dog happy and healthy is common sense, just like it is for people. If your dog has a heart murmur or outward signs suggesting heart problems, well perform testing to determine the severity of the disease. Hemangiosarcoma is a type of bleeding tumor that affects Staffordshire Bull Terriers at greater than average incidence. It starts with tartar build-up on the teeth and progresses to infection of the gums and roots of the teeth. Weigh your puppy every three to four weeks. The c-KIT gene therefore predisposes animals to develop malignant mast cell tumours, and dogs with this gene are more likely to die as a result of these tumours (Zemke et al 2002, Webster et al 2006). The Staffordshire Bull Terrier is a small but powerful breed. How do you know if an animal is a carrier or likely to become affected? It is possible and desirable to check the likely suitability of treatment of the tumour by TKI chemotherapy (Blackwood 2010). This will keep her out of trouble and away from objects she shouldnt put in her mouth. Benign MCTs can often be cured. We cannot overemphasize the importance of a proper diet and exercise routine. Blood then leaks back around this valve and strains the heart. All Rights Reserved. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, Patnaik AK, Ehler WJ and MacEwen EG (1984) Canine cutaneous mast cell tumor: morphologic grading and survival time in 83 dogs. Conversely, some growths initially thought to be benign cysts or lipomas (benign tumours of fat), sometimes turn out to be mast cell tumours which may be malignant (Nuttall et al 2009). Bell JS, Cavanagh KE, Tilley LP, Smith FW. Journal of Small Animal Practice 48: 424431, Dorn CR, Taylor DO, Schneider R, Hibbard HH and Klauber MR (1968) Survey of animal neoplasms in Alameda and Contra Costa counties, California II. [cited 2013 Apr 11]. The duration of the period when welfare is compromised depends on the malignancy, form and site of the tumour. And unfortunately, your Stafford is more likely than other dogs to have problems with her teeth. An initial diagnostic workup may help find the cause. Secondary seizures are the result of a brain tumor, stroke, or trauma. Ackerman L. The Genetic Connection: A Guide to Health Problems in Purebred Dogs. There is a general consensus among canine genetic researchers and veterinary practitioners that the conditions weve described herein have a significant rate of incidence and/or impact in this breed.That does not mean your dog will have these problems; it just means that she is more at risk than other dogs.

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