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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The maximum and average number of complete generation equivalents were 25.04 and 4.47, respectively. Leroy G., Rognon X., Varlet A., Joffrin C., Verrier E. Genetic variability in French dog breeds assessed by pedigree data. Compared to a great number of founders, a large part of the genetic variability is maintained based on only eight ancestors (Table 1). National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities, grant number NKP-18-3. An official website of the United States government. The presence of preferential breeding can be shown by calculating the ratio of fe and fa. Besides, accommodating to the breed standards also decreases the effective population size. In the total population, only 2.77% of the matings were highly inbred (0.16% between full-sibs, 1.74% between half-sibs, and 0.87% between parentoffspring). and transmitted securely. A slow but continuous increase of the inbreeding coefficient based on the increasing complete generation equivalent was obvious (Figure 2). Inbreeding (F) and average relatedness (AR) of the reference population. Evolution of the inbreeding coefficient and the average relatedness of the reference population is provided in Table 3. The The .gov means its official. Baumung R., Farkas J., Boichard D., Mszros G., Slkner J., Curik I. The created Hungarian Border Collie pedigree dataset contained 13,339 individuals (5649 males and 7750 females). Pedigree data of the Border Collie dog breed were collected in Hungary to examine genetic diversity within the breed and its different lines. Hence, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of closed breeding on the population structure of the Border Collie dog breed in Hungary and examine the genetic diversity within and between the subpopulations. The site is secure. Maignel L., Boichard D., Verrier E. Genetic variability of French dairy breeds estimated from pedigree information. When estimating the proportion of each dogs genome that was identical by descent in an ancestor to alleles identical by descent for the first time in that dogs linage by the gene dropping method, the F_KAL and F_KAL_NEW showed similar results. The Border Collie breed was officially recognized by the Fderation Cynologique Internationale (FCI) in 1977, and the valid official breed standard was published in 1987 when selection for appearance began. Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The use of specific lines within one breed was previously reported in France [3], where more than 49% of the breeders claimed to use line breeding in practice. Importation of breeding dogs could be a solution to this problem; on the other hand, breeding standards are slightly different between countries, and thus a collaboration is required between breeding organizations and scientists to improve the health of the next generation. N: Number of individuals; F: inbreeding coefficient; F_BAL: Ballous formula for ancestral inbreeding; F_KAL: Kalinowskis formula for ancestral inbreeding; F_KAL_NEW: Kalinowskis new formula to ancestral inbreeding; AR: average relatedness. F: inbreeding coefficient; Gen_eq: number of complete generation equivalents. str., Hungary; uh.ek@navtsi.ygan, 2Department of Hippology, Kaposvr, Kaposvr University, Kaposvr, H-7400, 40, Guba S. Gutirrez J.P., Goyache F. A note on ENDOG: A computer program for analysing pedigree information. The genealogy records used in this study were created using the software Equihun Pedigree Builder [4]. The Border Collie is considered as one of the most intelligent dog breeds, and originated from the England Northumbria region. Unpublished. Therefore, determining annual numbers was not possible. This mixed line combines the appearance of show dogs (heavier bones, elegant head, thicker coat) with the energy and stamina of the working-lined dogs, with the objective of use in search and rescue, therapy, or sports. For the generation intervals, the results are not surprising as the reproductive life of sires is usually longer compared to dams. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Boichard D., Maignel L., Verrier E. The value of using probabilities of gene origin to measure genetic variability in a population. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal ; Methodology, I.N. The inbreeding coefficients of the different lines depending on the total generation equivalent, where F is the inbreeding coefficient of an individual and GenEqu is the number of complete generation equivalents. These websites could be searched but their content could not be downloaded, and therefore all genealogy data had to be retyped manually. The name Border Collie was first used by the International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS) in 1915 in order to distinguish this breed from the Smooth and Bearded Collies, which at the beginning had similar breeding aspects. This so-called line breeding tries to avoid closely-related mating; however, the breeding association sometimes permits it. Before Since the final objectives for dogs in shows and sports require different anatomical structures, the importance of these lines is outstanding. Show line, Mixed line, Working line, Total population. Comparing this result to other populations, the medium value (0.75) of the fa/fe ratio of the Braque Francais dog population shows a more balanced use of animals for breeding and an absence of a bottleneck in that population [18]. Kalinowski S.T. From the 1860s exhibitions became more and more popular, and their appearance was more consistent. The constructed pedigree file consisted of 13,339 individuals, of which 1566 dogs (born between 2010 and 2016) composed the alive reference population which was active from breeding perspective. Ancestral inbreeding coefficients in subpopulations (%). Collection of titles requires many years, so the preferred breeding males are usually older than the females. As the population size of the Border Collie breed in Hungary is relatively large, the increase of the inbreeding level was relatively small (10% per 23 years). Moreover, this non-random mating is able to increase inbreeding depression (bringing alleles to a homozygous state), affecting the future genetic health of the breed. Received 2019 Mar 21; Accepted 2019 May 13. Bokor . Equihun Pedigree BuilderMS Access application specifically developed for genealogy records process. Due to the changing breed standards and the requirements of the potential buyers, the effective population size substantially decreased between 2010 and 2016. In Hungary, the working line is at the greatest risk in terms of the number of breeding animals and the number of litters. ; Software, .B. Moreover, ancestral inbreeding coefficients proposed by the authors of [10,11,12] and determined with GRain 2.0 software [13] were used to obtain whether these distinct measurements for inbreeding are able to describe the differences between the lines. In the present study, the sire paths were longer as the males were kept in breeding for longer ages than females and there is also a tendency for breeders to prefer to use males with more show and sport results rather than males with few titles even if they could increase the genetic variability within the breed. For the determination of the cumulative proportion of the genome that was exposed to inbreeding effects, ancestral inbreeding (F_BAL) was calculated in the subpopulations. Ancestral inbreeding only minimally affects inbreeding depression in mammalian populations. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Maintaining genetic diversity in order to create productive and healthy offspring without increasing the genetic load is the key to maintaining small populations. Looking at the observed ratio of fa and fe it can be concluded that the Hungarian Border Collie population has suffered very strong gene loss. The decrease of the average inbreeding coefficients between 2011 and 2014 can be explained by the intense import of breeding animals. Thus, the reference population was dissected according to the existing lines. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Because inbreeding coefficients are always dependent on the length and on the completeness of the pedigree the inbreeding coefficients were plotted on the complete generation equivalents [16]. One of the reasons for decreasing the effective population size is that most of the puppies born in Hungary are sold abroad due to the lack of suitable owners for the breed. The observed small ratio of fa and fe of the Hungarian Border Collie population can be explained by its closed herd book, intense selection for appearance, and by the favoritism of some relevant individuals. Then, the available genealogy information of these dogs was traced back and was recorded, creating the pedigree of the whole population from the late 1800s to the present day. However, this line represents the look and the original function of the breed. The generation interval was calculated as the average age of parents at the birth of their progeny kept for the reproduction, and it was computed for all four parentprogeny pathways (Table 2) represented in the total reference population and per line. 8600 Rockville Pike The reference population had a pedigree completeness of 99.6% up to 15 generations and an inbreeding coefficient of 9.86%. FOIA Calboli F.C.F., Sampson J., Fretwell N., Balding D.J. Cecchi F., Paci G., Spaterna A., Ragatzu M., Ciampolini R. Demographic approach on the study of genetic parameters in the dog Braque Francais type Pyrnes Italian population. Leroy G., Baumung R. Mating practices and the dissemination of genetic disorders in domestic animals, based on the example of dog breeding. The Border Collie dogs are bred based on a closed herd book which predisposes to an increased inbreeding level of the population. Furthermore, both Kalinowskis formulas show that the working line suffered less inbreeding in the past few generations. Nagy I., Curik I., Radnai I., Cervantes I., Gyovai P., Baumung R., Farkas J., Szendr Z. In addition, inbreeding coefficient was also calculated by the method of [11] by dividing inbreeding into two parts, based on whether part of the identical alleles were inbred in the past (F_KAL) or became inbred in recent generations (F_KAL_NEW). It is also a common practice for dog breeders to choose sires and dams with a common ancestor to fix some specific traits in the appearance or working ability. Calculations for ancestral inbreeding were previously used by the authors of [10,11,12]. ; Project administration, I.N. Mki K. Population structure and genetic diversity of worldwide Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever and Lancashire Heeler dog populations. Small values signal the so-called bottleneck effect [20]. Population Structure and Inbreeding from Pedigree Analysis of Purebred Dogs. about navigating our updated article layout. str., Hungary; uh.ek@dapra.rokob. However, the contrasts in dog selection may increase the genetic distance. 1Department of Animal Sciences, Kaposvr University, Kaposvr, H-7400, 40, Guba S. Learn more GRAIN: A computer program to calculate ancestral and partial inbreeding coefficients using a gene dropping approach. [ 20 ] to an increased inbreeding level of the population Analysis of Purebred dogs Rognon X., Varlet,. Was dissected according to the breed standards and the average relatedness ( AR ) of the Ministry of Human,. Inbreeding were previously used by the intense import of breeding animals breeding association sometimes permits it signal so-called. 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