citric acid and sodium bicarbonate exothermic or endothermic

c. HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)_2(aq) \rightarrow H_2O(l) + ? Is citric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate endothermic or exothermic (Is it possible?). Why are acid-base reactions described as neutralization reactions? Students should be able to: distinguish between exothermic and endothermic reactions on the basis of the temperature change of the surroundings. (Grades Work in a fume cupboard unless the room is well ventilated. This content was developed by the Culturally Relevant Engineering Application in Mathematics (CREAM) Program in the Engineering Education Research Center, College of Engineering and Architecture at Washington State University under National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. Refer to the Theoretical Results Using Stoichiometry Solution Guide . Reaction Exposed: The Big Chill! - Activity - TeachEngineering Equipment and Materials LabPro interface, Logger Pro software, temperature probe, 100-mL graduated cylinder, insulated bottle with cork, 1.5 M citric acid solution, 10-g sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate), 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution, 12 cm strip (0.1 g) of magnesium metal, 1 g magnesium oxide. judge timothy kenny political affiliation. explain what happens during an endothermic reaction and make both quantitative and (Possible answers: Perhaps not all CO2 produced will be collected; perhaps not all of the limiting reactant will react to produce the theoretical product quantities.) In many situations, a dynamic and condition-dependent balance between a reaction and the reverse reaction determines the numbers of all types of molecules present. Small amounts of citric acid can be provided in plastic weighing boats or similar. (b) a cold pack, cooling. Citric acid, HOOCCH2C(OH)(COOH)CH2COOH(s),(IRRITANT) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC036c. Not every bond between atoms in the reactants is necessarily broken during a chemical reaction, but some bonds are. Also, the heat produced in the reaction is more as compared to the heat required in the reaction. a. SO2(g) + H2O(l), What kind of reaction is represented by the equation below? Citric acid is used for canning, while baking soda is used for baking. All rights reserved. Using the language of breaking and making bonds, explain the net energy change for the chemical reaction between baking soda and calcium chloride. Write out the reaction(s) and explain why it is necessary to d, Which of the following reactions is/are endothermic? This method is pretty neat because crystallizing the sodium acetate generates a noticeable amount of heat. 9 - $W30q= 0 Work out the temperature change and decide if the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. Is hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate exothermic or Pour the citric acid solution into a coffee cup. Solved Would this be an exothermic or endothermic | Chegg.com the reaction of citric acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate Everyday uses of endothermic reactions include instant ice packs which can be used to treat sports injuries. %%EOF In a dry test tube, mix one spatula measure of citric acid with one spatula measure of sodium hydrogencarbonate. Add a large spatula measure of ammonium nitrate. Which reaction is an example of an acid base neutralization reaction? B. HCl acts as the Br nested-Lowry acid. Record the first meeting as 1 min, then continue recording the temperature (Grades 12), Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems; choose and interpret units consistently in formulas; choose and interpret the scale and the origin in graphs and data displays. Access to the following solutions (all at approx 0.4 M concentration): The reactions and types of reaction involved are: Try this student activity ontemperature changes in exothermic and endothermic reactions,featuring teacher notes and a downloadable worksheet. a. NaOH (aq) + HCIO_4 (aq) -->NaCIO_4(aq) + H_2O(l) b. HCOOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)--> HCOONa(aq) + H_2O(l) c. Fe^3+ (aq) + 3 Ag, Of the following reactions, which is a fusion reaction? The graphs show the linear relationship of heat energy changing in exothermic and endothermic reactions over time. Is citric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate endothermic or exothermic. Chemical reactions can result in a change in temperature. You could mix citric acid and sodium bicarbonate or you could mix barium hydroxide with an ammonium salt. Write the overall net ionic reaction for the acidification of N a H C O 3 by citric acid, giving C O 2 as the product. There are two methods for distinguishing between exothermic and endothermic reactions. Consider using a digital thermometer with a clear display for the demonstration. In the presence of water, citric acid and sodium bicarbonate (aka baking soda) react to form sodium citrate, water, and carbon dioxide. Thanks for your feedback! In this investigation, students classify chemical reactions as exothermic or endothermic. A. C3H6O + 4O2 arrow 3CO2 + 3H2O Also determine if it is an acid-base neutralization, precipitation, or redox reaction. Using a thermometer, the . The other ions present (sodium and chloride, for example) are just spectator ions, taking no part in the reaction. DGE 0538652. Engineering design usually has some constraints and you wont always have access to the materials you think you might need. Exothermic and endothermic reactions (and changes of state). Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic reactions on the basis of the temperature change of the surroundings. a. single displacement reaction b. synthesis reaction c. decomposition reaction d. combustion reaction e. double displacement reaction, During the commercial preparation of sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen in an exothermic reaction to produce sulfur trioxide. B. HCl + NaOH to H_2O + NaCl. What is the reaction of a carbonate antacid that causes the fizz? b. O2- acts as a Lewis base and Ca2+ acts as a Lewis acid. Therefore it is recommended as being more suitable as a teacher demonstration. There are also endothermic and exothermic physical reactions. (Grades Before the atoms of acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate can be rearranged to form the products, the bonds between the atoms in those molecules must be broken, and because the atoms are attracted to one another, it takes energy to pull them apart. I was taught that all neutralization reactions are exothermic, but why is sodium carbonate reacting with citric acid an endothermic reaction? d) precipitation reaction. Make a Cold Pack from Hot Ice - ThoughtCo In this demonstration or class experiment, students observe an endothermic reaction between solid hydrated barium hydroxide and solid ammonium chloride. This produces a compound called carbonic acid, with the chemical formula H2CO3. Is the reaction bicarbonate with citric acid exothermic or endothermic Calculate cost of reactants vs. profit from products. While the end goal may be to design a 50,000 gallon tank, the best path of discovery is to work with a smaller scale. Students should be able to predict qualitatively that the entropy change for the system has a positive value because a gas and a liquid are formed from two solids. Some reactions give out heat and others take in heat. Magnesium powder, Mg(s),(HIGHLY FLAMMABLE) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC059b. If a chemical reaction absorbs as much energy as it releases, it is called isothermicthere is no net energy change. This exercise will allow you to understand chemical reactions, Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions Sodium Bicarbonate 1M Hydrochloric Acid YfQb6 W j,J3PRkE steve stricker wrist lock; what channel are the st louis cardinals playing on today Endothermic solid-solid reactions | Experiment | RSC Education \\ Cu(s) + 2 Ag^+(aq) \rightarrow Cu^{2+}(aq) + 2 Ag(s) \\ A. acid-base neutralization B. gas evolution C. precipitation D. oxidation-reduction, What is the reaction between an acid and a base called? The activity is designed to accompany the experiments that use polystyrene cups. Use this practical to investigate how solutions of the halogens inhibit the growth of bacteria and which is most effective. Why doesn't it occur by E2 as well? Alignment agreement: A large amount of fizzing took place when HCl was added to solid NaHCO3. 2) (CH_3COO)_2Cu(aq) + (NH_4)_2C_2O_4(aq) to CuC_2O_4(s) + 2CH_3COONH_4(aq). an exothermic reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid The PiXL Club PiXL Partners in Excellence is a not for profit partnership of over 1 600 secondary schools 500 sixth forms 600 primary schools and 75 providers of alternative education. Why? 9 - the activation energy for the reaction to occur. Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions - Seneca Learning An endothermic reaction is one that takes in energy from the surroundings so the temperature of the surroundings decreases. This is an acid-base reaction, where baking soda (also called sodium bicarbonate) is a weak base and citric acid is a weak acid. Este site coleta cookies para oferecer uma melhor experincia ao usurio. For the reaction below, state which type of reaction will occur (addition, decomposition, single replacement, precipitation, acid-base neutralization, or gas evolution).H_2O+SO_3 to H_2SO_4. Divide the class into groups of two students each. The reaction is provided below: H_3C_6H_5O_7(aq) + 3NaH CO_3(aq) \rightarrow Na_3C_6H_5O_7(aq) + 3H_2O(l) + 3CO_2 (a) Determine the, A reaction where an acid reacts completely with a base to produce water and a salt is called ? (Hint: use pKa data to justify your answer), Classify each of the following reactions as a precipitation, acid-base neutralization, or oxidation-reduction: (a) S8(s) + 8 O2 (g) -->8 SO2(g) (b) NiCl2(aq) + Na2S(aq) -->Nis(s) + 2 NaCl (aq) (c), For the reaction below, state which type of reaction will occur (addition, decomposition, single replacement, precipitation, acid-base neutralization, or gas evolution). Endothermic reactions The reaction between citric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate).. Is baking soda and vinegar reaction endothermic or exothermic? Salts are chemical compounds made up of one or more positively charged particles and one or more negatively charged particles; the particles are attracted to one another because of the opposite charges, but in water they separate from one another and react independently. Discard the mixture (in the sink with plenty of water). HS-ETS1-3. Chemical reactions can result in a change in temperature. Review the test procedures and how to use the given materials. b. HNO_3 (aq) + Ca(OH)_2(aq) \rightarrow H_2O(l) + ? Demonstration of an exothermic and endothermic reaction. Repeat steps 13 of the first experiment, using copper(II) sulfate solution in place of sodium hydroxide solution. In groups of two, your engineering challenge is to test the reaction in the lab before a large-scale operation plant is turned on. Apply your knowledge of energy changes in chemical reactions to complete the table above. E. Combination reaction. The . The small bubbles of carbon dioxide gas become trapped in batter, causing it to inflate, or rise. We did a decomposition reaction of sodium hydrogen carbonate, which makes water, carbon dioxide and sodium carbonate. At the end of the experiment, have students compare their theoretical to actual answers. The physics of restoration and conservation, RSC Yusuf Hamied Inspirational Science Programme, How to prepare for the Chemistry Olympiad. Is this overreaction consistent with the type of chemical change? Describe how this activity applies engineering design principles, including cost analysis. To give students a deeper grounding in the basics and reinforce basic concepts covered previously, you may wish to review the mechanics of chemical changes, how to write balanced chemical equations, and the law of conservation of energy. Examples include: Thermal decomposition; The reaction between citric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate). a. Careful consideration will need to be given as to the most appropriate way to dispense the required chemicals to the class. The release of energy in a chemical reaction is a characteristics feature of an exothermic reaction. The reaction of quicklime and water is highly exothermic. Have groups share their starting and final temperature for each reaction. In the chemical reaction between baking soda solution and calcium chloride, what did you observe other than a temperature change? Some dry products like antacid tablets, indigestion tablets and bath drop-ins contain both sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. This is a resource from thePractical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry. Mg+Fe_2O_3 to Fe+MgO, The reaction of propane (CH3CH2CH3) with oxygen is called a reaction. The slideshow describes. Be sure you and the students wear properly fitting goggles. Ask them to explain why their experimental results will probably never be the same as theoretical results. Put a spatula measure of white, anhydrous copper(II) sulfate powder into a test tube. Cultural relevancy: How to follow procedures, collaborative work in small groups and hands-on activities. Citric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate endothermic or exothermic After it has stopped changing, record the final temperature (T. Energy is released when bonds are formed. Observe chemical changes in this microscale experiment with a spooky twist. Solved You are preparing the reaction between citric acid - Chegg Refine a solution to a complex real-world problem, based on scientific knowledge, student-generated sources of evidence, prioritized criteria, and tradeoff considerations. The energy released is in the form of heat and light. What might this tell you about one of the products of this chemical change? Make it visible for the entire class and suitable to serve as a visual aid in the discussions at the end of Day 2. This investigation could be incorporated into a unit on chemical changes or thermochemistry. Students learn why engineers need to know the different properties of propellants. (Grades 9 - 12). (a) exothermic reaction (b) endothermic reaction (c) synthesis reaction (d) irreversible re, Classify the following reactions as precipitation, acid-base, redox, or combustion. What type of reaction is the following equation? C. Disproportionation reaction. Safety aspect: over pressure or extreme temperature can cause catastrophic failure. Stir until no more baking soda will dissolve. Do you agree with this alignment? To understand the energy implications of chemical reactions, its important to keep in mind two key ideas: To understand this, consider the chemical reaction between vinegar (also known as acetic acid to chemists) and baking soda (known as sodium bicarbonate). You will also explore the relationship between energy changes and chemical reactions. Are there any instances when it would be useful to quickly make something hot or cold? Practical Chemistry activities accompanyPractical Physics andPractical Biology. Use it as a demonstration or vary the amounts of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate to make an experiment. GOOD LUCK! 2. When you have completed your demonstration or experiment, wash the cup out in a sink. After this activity, students should be able to: Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, 4.2.1 recall that enthalpy change is not sufficient to explain feasible change, for example the endothermic reaction between ammonium carbonate and ethanoic acid; 4.2.2 recall that the balance between entropy change and enthalpy change determines the feasibility of a reaction; 4.2.4 calculate the standard entropy change, S, in a chemical reaction using standard entropy data; 4.2.5 use the equation G = H - TS to calculate standard free energy changes; 4.2.6 recall that processes are feasible when the free energy change is negative; The science behind sustainable home insulation, Gold coins on a microscale | 1416 years, Practical potions microscale | 1114 years, Antibacterial properties of the halogens | 1418 years, Barium hydroxide-8-water (CORROSIVE), 32 g, Concentrated hydrochloric acid (CORROSIVE), Universal indicator (or litmus) paper, 1 strip. What salt is produced in each of the following neutralization reactions? (Grades Predict the products of the reaction, and then balance the completed equation. PS: We do not share personal information or emails with anyone. Zinc powder, Zn(s),(HIGHLY FLAMMABLE, DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC107. For instance, when wood burns heat that was stored in chemical bonds is given off into the environment..An endothermic reaction is a reaction that stores heat. Under no circumstances must the zinc powder be allowed to come into contact with ammonium nitrate. It helps to use a large thermometer display. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. 93 0 obj <> endobj The advantage of the large scale is that it directly reflects the true system, so no other testing is required in order to predict behavior. Track the change in temperature as a function of time. This is a resource from thePractical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry. is an acid base reaction. A. CH_4 + 2O_2 to CO_2 + H_2O. Work in a well-ventilated area. Some sports. Mix the two solids in the beaker and stir with the thermometer. Classify all of the reactions shown below. hZr}L'd&qj;Zm6(tbY (Y$9@`, 1zV,JS\5 #z,NQW&L))ROdR71nn,TTRstk J27J0mH%1mm$IUPhMJ3R+eVZ|]%I%)KEnH$N1r-Y51)'yXnk?~ASRz'orRk$T4tJ!l*4.k\_i{S9\F8w_TpGnVCEK:Q>g? QPYr+8-UwM{;,Qlf An endothermic reaction is any Use a thermometer or other temperature probe to record the initial temperature. The amount of energy in the universe at the end of a chemical reaction is the same as before the reaction takes place. Citric acid is tripotic, and reacts with base to form the citrate ion ( C 6 H 5 O 3 7 ). Decide whether various reactions are exothermic or endothermic by measuring temperature change in this class practical. Write the reaction which occurs when NaOH is added to the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer. Understanding Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions, How to Make Invisible Ink With Baking Soda, The Difference Between Baking Soda and Baking Powder, Color Change Chemical Volcano Demonstration, Fizzy Sparkling Lemonade Made With Science, Frankenworms Dancing Gummy Worms Science Experiment, Effect of Acids and Bases on the Browning of Apples, Exothermic Reaction Examples - Demonstrations to Try, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. The reaction of sodium bicarbonate and water is very similar to the phenomena seen when Alka-Seltzer tablets are placed in a glass of water. Endothermic Reaction Citric Acid Sodium Bicarbonate - YouTube Also state whether each reaction is a redox or nonredox reaction. 12), Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium. Thanks for your feedback! Overview of the experimental plan over the three days. PbSO_4 to PbSO_3+O_2, Which of the following equations is an acid-base neutralization reaction? technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. In this activity, you will explore the energy changes that accompany chemical reactions. Quantitative literacy: Ability to follow procedures and provide recommendations. Baking soda is an alkaline compound that, when combined with an acid, will produce carbon dioxide gas. 9 - `lI8-nX8PdBg$E XC>Gy6tLS" z,\Ud1bq\x<>S%.QPHAPHQPPII"U6 v+ 9BBs+P\k#b%Hc6 05` +hA[Aq Y K0xAA\WA6uCD Y6 Optional post-activity assessment: student reflection by class discussion or written assignment. Acetic acid (vinegar) vapors can be irritating. Sodium Bicarbonate Plus Citric Acid | livestrong Which type of chemical reaction could you expect to observe? Everyday uses of exothermic reactions include, An endothermic reaction is one that takes in energy from the surroundings so the temperature of the surroundings decreases. Innovation, Science, and Technology Building Room 2034, Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Statement, University Policies, Rules and Regulations, 25 ml citric acid solution (can be purchased at a pharmacy over the counter or online A reaction or process that takes in heat energy is described as endothermic. This website collects cookies to deliver a better user experience. Chemistry, Science and Technology. 12), Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters. Endothermic reactions include thermal decompositions and the reaction of citric acid and sodium . fantasy football excel spreadsheet 2022; los cazadores leaderboard 2021 2022; delivery driver spreadsheet; adjectives to describe nathaniel hawthorne's life Record the initial temperature (T. While the thermometer is in the cup, add about teaspoon of baking soda to the cup. Interpret data to predict overall behavior of multiple variables. This works very well as a class experiment with students working in small groups of two or three. A reaction or process that takes in heat energy is described as endothermic. H, whilst important, is not sufficient to explain feasible change. Gather the remaining items on the Materials List. Thanks for your feedback! Unit 2: CHEMICAL BONDING, APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS and ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, (a) exothermic and endothermic reactions in terms of temperature change and energy transfer to or from the surroundings, Unit C2: Further Chemical Reactions, Rates and Equilibrium, Calculations and Organic Chemistry. Potassium Carbonate And Hydrochloric Acid Reaction Exothermic When these compounds are dry, they don't react with one another. C a O ( s ) + H 2 O ( l ) C a ( O H ) 2, Alka-Seltzer tablets contain, in addition to the antacid, critic acid, the acid in lemon juice. Select all that apply. The total chemical reaction in the ammonia-soda process is represented as follows: 2 N a C l + C a C O 3 N a 2 C O 3 + C a C l 2 . Give some examples. Consider chemical reactions in terms of energy, using the terms exothermic, endothermic and activation energy, and use simple energy profile diagrams to illustrate energy changes. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN), C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) arrow 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l), Identify the following reaction as precipitation, acid-base, gas-forming or redox reaction. Pour about 10 mL of vinegar into a small plastic cup. Both reactions will produce gas while reacting in a closed plastic sandwich bag, causing it to inflate. endstream endobj 94 0 obj <>/OCGs[122 0 R]>>/Pages 91 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 95 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]/Type/Page/u2pMat[1 0 0 -1 0 792]/xb1 0/xb2 612/xt1 0/xt2 612/yb1 0/yb2 792/yt1 0/yt2 792>> endobj 96 0 obj <>stream Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid sodium chloride + water (Neutralisation), Copper(II) sulfate + magnesium magnesium sulfate + copper (Displacement, Redox), Sulfuric acid + magnesium magnesium sulfate + hydrogen (Displacement, Redox), Sodium hydrogencarbonate + citric acid sodium citrate + water + carbon dioxide (Neutralisation), Boiling tube (a large test tube, 150 x 25 mm), Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (HARMFUL), about 1 g, Zinc powder (HIGHLY FLAMMABLE, DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT), about 1 g, Ammonium nitrate crystals (OXIDISING), about 5 g. Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (HARMFUL, DANGEROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT) see CLEAPSS Hazcard HC027c. Sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride sodium nitrate calcium chloride copper (II) sulfate ammonium, Which of the following reactions needs to be reversed to solve for the Heat of Neutralization between Hydrochloric Acid and Ammonia? a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org). An endothermic reaction. Students measure the temperature changes in different reactions taking place in a polystyrene cup, classifying the reactions as exothermic or endothermic. 4. Explain your answer. set of chemical substances to another. 9 - Many personal care and pharmacy products contain a mixture of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate. (c) A reaction in which the product is either acidic or b. This intuitively makes sense because one of the reactants is a solid and one of the products is . Wear eye protection (goggles) throughout. Predict the products of the reaction, and then balance the completed equation. Refer to the exothermic energy profile shown previously as an example. More able students should be encouraged to appreciate that although these experiments demonstrate gain or loss of energy to or from the surroundings, chemists are more interested in the loss or gain of energy by the chemicals themselves. Why is it considered a neutralization reaction? Endothermic reactions include thermal decompositions and the reaction of citric acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate. Understand what an exothermic reaction is, and review examples to learn the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions. The two solids should be kept far apart at all times. The standard state enthalpy of the following reaction is +28.5 kJ mol. (i dont know the end product). a. ionization reaction b. dissociation reaction c. oxidation reaction d. neutralization reaction e. reduction reaction, In the reaction CaO(s) + CO2(g) ---> CaCO3(s), a. O2- acts as a Lewis base and CO2 acts as a Lewis acid. Hint: it can be more than one reaction. Exothermic or endothermic? Classifying reactions | Experiment | RSC Citric acid solutionandsodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonatesolution andcalcium chloride Your chemistry challenge Conduct a chemical reaction so that the highest temperature reached is between 40 and 50 C. You will only adjust the amount of one reactantcalcium chloride. Copper(II) sulfate solution, CuSO4(aq) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC027cand CLEAPSS Recipe Book RB031. 12), Evaluate ways that technology can impact individuals, society, and the environment. 2HBr(aq) + Ca(OH)_2 (aq) to CaBr_2 (aq) + 2H_2 O(I). B. Acid-base neutralization reaction. Observe the drop in temperature, which is confirmed by the fact that the beaker freezes to the watch glass. Reactants: Sulfuric acid and heat, Identify which of the following are acid-base reactions. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. D. This, Which of the following is an example of a neutralization reaction? Generally "what we end up with.". Get the inside scoop on all things TeachEngineering such as new site features, curriculum updates, video releases, and more by signing up for our newsletter! In the presence of water, citric acid [C6H8O7] and sodium bicarbonate [NaHCO3] (aka baking soda) react to form sodium citrate [Na3C6H5O7], water, and carbon dioxide [CO2]. Watch what happens and feel the bottom of the tube. 2.8.1 demonstrate knowledge and understanding that chemical reactions in which heat is given out are exothermic and that reactions in which heat is taken in are endothermic; Use of: thermometer or sensor (temperature). University of Florida Chemistry Outreach Program Temperature of Reactions Estimated time: 50 mins. Add 4 small (not heaped) spatula measures of citric acid. function of time.

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