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Regarding persons with special responsibilities, the Abba Gadaa, the elected chairman of the class leadership presides over the assembly. Boranas also have special warriors that defend the community from any enemies. Regarding their authority in all the matters regarding the Borana society, all the three Abba Gadas and the other three Adula Hayyus (senior councilor) have the same and equal authority, muraan wal-qixxe. Both social groups pass from one stage of development to the next every eight years. A few of them are pulling at their scraggly white and ochre beards while nodding in agreement. Hence based on the variants they are established on Age-sets may be divided into two: elementary age-sets and complex or advanced age-sets. In this line, one may regard that age-sets are something common among different ethnic groups of the region to the extent that there is no distinction among them. Corporal punishment of dabballe is strictly prohibited. Accordingly, where the first five years of the senior gamme are characterized by joyful activities (singing, dancing and experience sharing) the remaining consecutive three years is the period of being considered as members of the Gada class rather than as a mere member of age-sets. The other council-men bow in reverence. 3 0 obj Perhaps, the Age-set system might have imitated the natural course of human physical development to the structure the society. The Gadaa system as a whole provided the machinery for democratic rule and enjoyment of maximum liberty for the people. The president was called the Abba boku. In 2015, the Gadaa Center at Odaa Bultum was inaugurated and in 2018, the Gadaa Center at Odaa Hullee reinstalled after two centuries of interruption. The Gadaa councilors must pass through rigorous training for years about the laws and the customs of Borana, and the wisdom of leading a society before they take the position of authority in Gadaa. Whereas Gadaa grades are the phases of development through which the members pass. A political party known as GSAP (Gadaa System Advancement Party) bases its ideology on the principles of Gadaa. For instance, the archaic nomenclatures to these Gadaa class orders are Birmaji, Horota, Bichile, Dulo, and Robale. Gada is a complex tradi-tional democratic system of self-rule, governing the social, economic, political and spiritual life of Borana society. Thus one can regard age-sets as one of the auxiliary institutions. Another feature of senior gamme is their elevation to the Gada class. Asmaran has called the gada chronology "one of the most ingenious creations of the Borana mind", and has added that "historians in other societies might envy the dcill and The members are recruited based on genealogical generations (2). It is through a formal rite of passage that previously semi-retired assemblymen enter into the final Gadaa grade. 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The Borana have bee ruled by 43 abba gada since then, which may be 540 years ago (1449), and this is also confirmed by Borbor Bule (Golloo Huqqa, 1996). Dabballe is the initial Gadaa grade roughly ranging from birth to eight years. That is a son gets introduced to a specific Gadaa grade, which correlates to the Gadaa class of his father, and subsequently changes his grade every eight years as a member of his cohort. One is a system in which the members of each class are recruited strictly on the basis of chronological age. Primarily, Gadaa system is an ancient philosophy of socio-political system that responsible for regulating Political stability, Economic growth, social services, Cultural commitments, Ethical contract the of religious order of the Oromo society and practice Gadaa Democracy that require equal participation of both male and female. The Boranas age-sets are organized in two ways: through a system where the member of each class are recruited strictly based on. 2 (Summer, 1956), pages 171-190, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics", https://www.peoplegroups.org/Explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=14769, 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia, "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boorana&oldid=1152099502, This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 05:55. 185 32 Besides being a supreme spirituality in charge of prayer in all Borana gatherings, including the Borana parliament, he is also in charge of administration, who appoints other Qalu, putting them in charge of smaller administration units, which can be equated to a present state president, a Qalu who in turn appoints other smaller administrators in his jurisdiction called Jalab (governor) who are respectively in charge of smaller administration, meaning one Qalu is in charge of many Jalab under his state. The second has little to do with age. 'n[o7?N Gadaa Grade is the stage of full political maturity and became the ruling party for the following eight years. In this regard, research have been undertaken to examine Gada system of different Oromo clans. Some of these old men may have also sat in the Borana Assembly, the Salgan yaa Borana. However, they live in different and far area; their indigenous water management system is the same. Political Participation is open to all Borana, decisions are taken under the guidance of the ritual leaders, the Abba Gadaa and the councilors. Each one of the Gadaa class has diversity and unity. During the election the activities such asthe assurance of readiness of recommended candidates and notification thereof within the reasonable period of time for election campaigns; fathers of the candidates may be part of the election process; and lastly, notification of election results takes place. A few of them are pulling at their scraggly white and ochre beards while nodding in agreement. Ibrahim A. Elemo (M.D., MPH)* Book The role of traditional institutions among Borana Oromo, [] communities. But the OLA accused the Abba Gada, who are elders in the Oromo culture, of being hand-picked by the government. Each luba consists of all of the sons in another particular class. the former is horizontal and refers to the collective, the latter is vertical and defines the responsibilities assumed successively throughout their careers. This is the Adula council; they have come to debate as to who should manage the wells. 0000002248 00000 n For example, if a father belongs to the Gona moiety and he is at the fifth Gadaa grade and if he got a son at that stage, his son will be initiated to the same Gadaa class as a dabballe) like his father. However, its use of genealogical generations as its organizing elements makes it different and unique. yuuba I-IV) covers twenty-seven total years. Accordingly, the appointed individuals will become junior councilors for the incoming senior Gadaa councilors. Below this assembly was the Hayyus or councillors who made the less weighty decisions. The legacy of the Abba Gadas lives onThe decisions made by the Borana traditional councils extended to the use of natural resources. [10], The Gada system has been inscribed by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage since 2016. % This is the Adula council; they have come to debate as to who should manage the wells. [17][18] In 2019, Bule Hora University launched a master's degree program in Gadaa studies. However, the Sakuye herd camels primarily, whereas the Borana are mostly a cattle people. Gadaamoojjii Men in the final grade of Gada cycle (72-80 years old) or the retired 29-1 Introduction Ethiopia is said to have abundant potential water resources, all emanating within its territory. The Gadaa System is a system of generation segments or Gadaa classes that succeeded each other every eight years in assuming political, military, judicial, legislative and ritual responsibilities. Dm7#E`{03A)]9\zzRuAS6y&0=> rcf>xO"32g|5qbmWg1K:n03{NL?eLg7f9B3M[6r|_ N!y"|wyWU}Iv)qmb?hQn4s?{y. 71ST Borana Oromo Tribe Abba Gada - medianorthkenya Kurraa Jarsso Diddo is the next Abba Gada in Borana Oromo Gada System of leadership,Kurraa will be in power for the period of 2017-2025. The Abagadha and others of his age pass through an education system that will last for forty years after which he will take over the leadership as Abagadha. Gadaa Council) remains intact. [19], The Gadaa society was structured into peer groups based on chronological age or genealogical generation called Luba. The nomenclature of the ceremony of passage to Gadamoojjii itself is known as the rite of incense exchange (qumbi wallraf udachu not balli walirrafuchu). Second, it also makes senior gamme acquire/share experiences with one another for future collective responsibilities. For instance, the archaic nomenclatures to these Gadaa class orders are Birmaji, Horota, Bichile, Dulo, and Robale. Today we seem to have forgotten these important rules, and cattle invade and damage forests every dry season. Many Borana people prefer to be Muslims rather than Christians since the religion of Islam concurs in many ways with their tradition. There are five Gadaa parties known as shanan Gadaa Oromoo. The Gumi Gayyo assembly has the highest degree of authority than the Gadaa and other assemblies, and other assemblies cannot reverse its decisions. endobj In Boran, the junior gamme are called the sons of Guyyo and the senior gamme are called the sons of Liban. That is, they are named after the two Abba Gadaas, Abba Gadaa Guyyo Gobba (incumbent) and Abba Gada Liban Jaldessa (ex-Abba Gadaa). endobj Participedia Contributors, "The Gadaa System of the Oromo People," last modified September 7, 2018, Retrieved from, This page was last edited on 2 January 2023, at 05:08. They are in the last stage to the Gadaa stage and are in one part of stages of Borana system. Since the principle of five intervals stated hereinabove, in most cases, are not observed among the Boran people, children continue to be born (before the father reaches fifth Gadaa grade or after the father passed this stage). Indigenous knowledge of the Oromo community in Ethiopia in general and Borana pastoralists in particular were . Due to this Borana lost much of their top grazing land far from their central area where they used to take their animals during the drought. Second, in Boran Gadaa System there are five Gadaa classes that are basically cyclic (i.e. Oratory, the art of public speaking, is highly valued in Oromo society; the forms of delivery, the wit of the speaker, his tone of voice, his posture, eye contact and ability to command the attention of the audience are skills to be honed and admired. HWn6C! The purpose of these activities is to first make the members of the grade be aware of their class and peer group. The Eleven Regular Gadaa cycle among the Boran Among the Boran people the Gadaa System embraces eleven basic Gadaa grades: five active, five passive and one liminal (full retirement) stage. Politically, it has a system of government where the overall leader is God himself and many unknown things are referred as 'Waqa Bekh', a sentence that can be equated to a Supreme Being knows. . Despite the emergence of various autonomous Gadaa systems, the central principles of the system remained intact. 0000012974 00000 n They are recognizable by their hairstyle known as guduru which is typically feminine (the Borana likens them to girls at this stage). RM HWJN1P - Kura Jarso the 71st Borana Oromo Abba gadaa in his house, Oromia, Yabelo, Ethiopia. He takes a seat at one end of the council as he has done at the beginning of his rule, eight years in total. contact help me hank channel 7 Friday 28 April, 2023 Horn Affairs News Articles Interviews These two concepts Gadaa-sets and Gadaa-grades are important to a clear understanding of Gadaa. Old and wise as his years, he trudges along, stick in hand. Structurally speaking, it is age and genealogical based grouping of male generation and division of labor among the classes. Post author: Post published: December 1, 2021 Post category: usmc drill instructor speech Post comments: family tree vincent tan first wife family tree vincent tan first wife Hence when such event occurs, additional councilor (s) will be elected to fill the gap (serve as substitutes for deceased councilor (s). They were the Gada class or the Warra Bora. That is a son gets introduced to a specific Gadaa grade, which correlates to the Gadaa class of his father, and subsequently changes his grade every eight years as a member of his cohort. Of course, the legacy of ones family and the past accomplishments of a clan councilor has a great influence in the decision that is made to nominate the would-be councilors. Through Gadha system, Boranas believed to have conquered and protected their territory named, Dirre, Dirr Liban, Golbo, Wajer, Dibayu, Torban Jia (all original name) till the second world war where they were overpowered by the colonial politics. Every aspect of their culture is captured in song and handed down from one generation to the next. an Abba bokkuu or Abbaa Gada. The Borana age-set (hariyya) is an institution or organized on age and generational relationships. The assembly had the president, two vice presidents and six other very important officials who ran the Borana administration. stream
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