life in the 1300s in america

"It is notable thatbubonic plaguemade its dramatic appearance in the late MiddleAges,whentradereally took off," he said. Sicilian authorities hastily ordered the fleet of death ships out of the harbor, but it was too late: Over the next five years, the Black Death would kill more than 20 million people in Europealmost one-third of the continents population. People gathered on the docks were met with a horrifying surprise: Most sailors aboard the ships were dead, and those still alive were gravely ill and covered in black boils that oozed blood and pus. Two main groups of English settlers colonized America in the 1600s. Many people fled the cities for the countryside, but even there they could not escape the disease: It affected cows, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens as well as people. The Cheyenne stood taller than the genetically similar Assiniboine of Manitoba in present-day Canada, but this can be explained by the milder climates enjoyed by the Cheyenne, which enabled them to hunt for longer periods of the year, according to Steckel. The Black Death was a devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s. . Steckel believes a variety of factors contributed to the drop and subsequent regain in average height during the last millennium. By the middle of 1348, the Black Death had struck Paris, Bordeaux, Lyon and London. The gunner inserted a glowing coal or a red-hot wire into a small touch hole in the loaded barrel to fire the weapon. African Art. By pulling the string tight and releasing it, children could set the whirligig whirring and buzzing. Crop harvests returned to normal in 1317, but it would be another five years before food . 'Into the 1820s almost all Americans would have subscribed to the commonplace notion that sex, within proper social confines, was enjoyable and healthy and that prolonged sexual abstinence could be. Exactly why average height began to increase during the 18th and 19th centuries isn't completely clear, but Steckel surmises that climate changeas well as improvements in agriculturehelped. These factors include climate change; the growth of cities and the resulting spread of communicable diseases; changes in political structures; and changes in agricultural production. In men and women alike, the Italian poet Giovanni Boccaccio wrote, at the beginning of the malady, certain swellings, either on the groin or under the armpitswaxed to the bigness of a common apple, others to the size of an egg, some more and some less, and these the vulgar named plague-boils.. In Hispanic America, Native Americans still pretty much lived free. (Lyons Press, 2017), which chronicles some of history's most famous disappearances. The 1300s, also known as the 14th century, was a transitional period bridging the Middle Ages with the early Renaissance. 900: Earliest event recorded in the Battiste Good (182122, 900: American Southwestern tribes trade with, The 14th century in America probably also brought decline of the, 1492: Christopher Columbus sails to India and stumbles on to the American continent (first European contact on the American continent since the, This page was last edited on 26 April 2023, at 18:15. Celebrities, parents and others on social media reacted in a big way to CNN's special report, "#Being13: Inside the Secret World of Teens," hosted by Anderson Cooper on Monday . Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1970). According to team leader Richard Steckel, increased height in the Middle Ages is due to warmer than average temperatures in Europe during this period, extending the growing period by up to four weeks each year and ensuring improved supplies of food. 128132. Experience the past lived by your ancestors and other people from history, through personal narratives and writings depicting time, places and events from around the world. 7000 B.C.1800 A.D. Central America and the Caribbean, 10001400 A.D. Central and Southern Andes, 10001400 A.D. All essays related to North America, 10001400 A.D. All works of art from North America, 10001400 A.D. However, during the transitional 14thcentury,mine began to employ free work forces as opposed to using slaves. The Virginia Company of London, which was looking to make a profit in America, funded them. Nondiscrimination notice. Answer: In the 13th century, Rome's population was around 20,000. 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Reasons for such tall heights during the early Middle Ages may have to do with climate. In the far north, the pan-Arctic Thule culture begins in Alaska and rapidly spreads eastward. Many scholars think that the nursery rhyme Ring around the Rosy was written about the symptoms of the Black Death. For 33 1/2 days, the flagellants repeated this ritual three times a day. Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. "Slioch, battle of", by Bruce Webster, in, Albert Failler, "L'occupation de Rhodes par les Hospitaliers", in. For example, in Silicon Africa: 100 African Cities destroyed by Europeans: Malian sailors got to America in 1311 AD, 181 years before Columbus. Northern European men had lost an average 2.5 inches of height by the 1700s, a loss that was not fully recovered until the first half of the 20th century. Art of the South Pacific: Polynesia. Clocks park in Yellowstone, We just watched 13 lives and it was excellent!! But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! 23. The secular colonists of the Jamestown Settlements landed off the coast of Virginia in 1607. Colonial-era homes could get brutally cold in the winter. Quaza - --- ( Springdale. Advancing the Cause of Donation In our role as owner and administrator of the Donate Life brand, Donate Life America (DLA) is committed to managing and promoting the brand as the recognized national organ donation symbol overseeing its use across all platforms, safeguarding its integrity, fostering appropriate use and maintaining brand standards to ensure effectiveness. Steckel cites several possible reasons why height declined toward the end of the Middle Ages: The climate changed rather dramatically in the1300s,when theLittle Ice Agetriggered a cooling trend that wreaked havoc on northern Europe for the following 400 to 500 years. Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason and Hugh S. Pyper (2000). "In poor countries, or among the poor in moderate-income nations, large numbers of people are biologically stressed or deprived, which can lead to stunted growth," Steckel said. El Castillo, a Toltec-style pyramid, Chichn Itz, Yucatn state, Mexico They know that the bacillus travels from person to person through the air, as well as through the bite of infected fleas and rats. Today, scientists understand that the Black Death, now known as the plague, is spread by a bacillus called Yersiniapestis. Explore the 1300s. Also, populations were relatively isolated during the Middle Ages large cities were absent from northern Europe until the late Middle Ages. Burns, R. Ignatius (1954). Art of the Americas After 1300. Not long after it struck Messina, the Black Death spread to the port of Marseilles in France and the port of Tunis in North Africa. When not in use, warming pans were often hung by the kitchen fireplace. This page is not available in other languages. Long before the arrival or European settlers, many of America's native inhabitants lived in thriving urban centers. Right: Painting Christopher Columbus taking possession of San Salvador, Click here for more information: [General Audiences] [For Kids]Listen to "Galileo: An Old Man grieves his Daughter and Writes his Last Book" Episode 1603 from The Engines of Our Ingenuity The inhabitants of Spiro, in Le Flore County, Oklahoma, enlarge Craig Mound with aspects of both platform and funerary structures; many objects of the Southern Cult are placed in burials. Steckel puts this down to the availability of protein in the form of buffalo. [20] [21] 1200-1400: Middle Mississippian culture in the Eastern Woodlands Before getting in bed, people would sometimes heat the bedsheets by filling these circular metal pans with coal, inserting them into their beds, and moving it rapidly back and forth to avoid burning the sheets. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. Based on the Word Net lexical database for the English Language. "Het ridderlijk geslacht van Heemskerk in de middeleeuwen", pp. 1633: The Spanish Inquisition forces Galileo Galilei to recant his belief in Copernican theory. The bones had been excavated from burial sites in northern European countries, including Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Great Britain and Denmark. More This past December, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced that American life expectancy in 2021 had dropped to 76.4 years, the lowest level in two decades. "Men living during the early Middle Ages (the ninth to 11th centuries) were several centimeters taller than men who lived hundreds of years later, on the eve of the Industrial Revolution," said Richard Steckel, a professor of economics at Ohio State University and the author of a new study that looks at changes in average heights during the last millennium. In the Southwests Puebloan area, village size increases and populations concentrate into fewer, larger centers; the enclosed plazapossibly an influence from Mexicobecomes common. 7000 B.C.-1800 A.D. SOUTHWEST Puebloan cultures, ca. In addition, power-driven bellows were created in the 14th century to fully melt iron, so it became less expensive and more widely used. Whether youre studying times tables or applying to college, Classroom has the answers. If untreated, the infection can spread to the blood or lungs. an alternate format of this page | Charity says stronger policy and investment needed to tackle 'appalling loss of life', after 85% rise in deaths since 2019 More than 1,300 people in the UK died while homeless last year . The four-terraced Monks Mound, the largest earthen structure in the United States, is under construction at Cahokia. Philip IV, Avignonese Papacy, Battle Bannockburn, Great European Famine, Swiss Victory, Isabelle Desposes Husband, Ottoman Empire, Hundred Year War, French Fleet Annihilated, Battle Of Crecy, Black Death, University Of Kracow, Battle In Poitiers, Treaty of Calias, Chu Yuan-Chang, Ming Dynasty, Hundred Year War, War of Chioggia, Peasants Revolt, Portugal Independent, Union of Kalamar. Important Mississippian sites in the Southeast such as Moundville, Spiro, and Etowah show clear evidence of high-ranking inhabitants with many precious objects in their burials. Inequality in Europe grew considerably during the 16th century and stayed high until the 20th century the rich grew richer from soaring land rents while the poor paid higher prices for food, housingandland. Alternatively, people would scratch marks into a window sill or threshold, indicating the position of the sun at noon. The plague arrived in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina. The ancient Maya prospered., The area that the Maya settled was called Peten. The population of Cahokia declines; a defensive wall is built at the sites center. University Communications, Request Today, this grim sequence of events is terrifying but comprehensible. The plague is thought to have originated in Asia over 2,000 years ago and was likely spread by trading ships, though recentresearch has indicated the pathogen responsible for the Black Death may have existed in Europe as early as 3000 B.C. Steckel analyzed skeletal data from 30 previous studies. We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Black Death was terrifyingly, indiscriminately contagious: the mere touching of the clothes, wrote Boccaccio, appeared to itself to communicate the malady to the toucher. The disease was also terrifyingly efficient. Homo floresiensis, nicknamed "the hobbit," lived in Asia between 95,000 and 17,000 years ago and was much shorter; evidence from a female skeleton suggests an average height of a little more than 3 feet. 3, Edinburgh University Press. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Failler, Albert (1992). HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. By this logic, the only way to overcome the plague was to win Gods forgiveness. The longest bone in the body, the femur comprises about a quarter of a person's height. Many colonial-era children learned the alphabet, numbers and other basics (like the Lords Prayer) by using a hornbook, a sheet of paper mounted on a tablet of wood, leather or bone, and covered by a thin strip of transparent horn. Many of these inventions were so productive, influential and significant that they continue to be used today, more than six centuries later. The 1300s was a decade of the Julian Calendar that began on 1 January 1300 and ended on 31 December 1309. Courtesy Wikipedia Commons. The most useful bone for estimating height is the femur, or thighbone, which makes up one quarter of an individual's height and is the longest bone in the human body. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. During the Middle Ages, Europe suffered from severe economic depressions. Admissions At the end of the 1300, a very terrible drought wa Continue Reading 1 Imre Kovacs Studied History at History Author has 426 answers and 1.2M answer views 7 y Less than half of the first Pilgrim families that landed at Plymouth Rock survived the first winter on American soil due to disease and starvation. Ministers were chosen to lead the Plymouth Church. All Rights Reserved. . 110115. In the middle of the 14th century, however, there seemed to be no rational explanation for it. Miller, William (1921). 10001550. This early gun was like a hand-held cannon made of a 1-foot-long metal tube. Rather, for every child that died in infancy, another person might have lived to see their 70th birthday. In a tradition brought over from medieval Europe, the salt cellar also indicated the status of the diners: Those seated above the salt (near the end of the table where the host and hostess sat) were the guests of honor. medieval warm period (MWP), also called medieval warm epoch or little climatic optimum, brief climatic interval that is hypothesized to have occurred from approximately 900 ce to 1300 (roughly coinciding with the Middle Ages in Europe), in which relatively warm conditions are said to have prevailed in various parts of the world, though predominantly in the Northern Hemisphere from Greenland . | Page maintained by Your banner or text The polarizing TV personality died on April 27 at 79 years old Jerry Springer was born in London on Feb. 13, 1944, the son of Richard and Margot, who fled Nazi Germany in 1939. Watling Island by L Prang and Co., 1893. Lesson 11.1a: Industrialization Begins in New England - . 81-year-old overcomes life challenges to graduate with college degree. Robert de Bruce (King of Scotland (1810). Then it reached Rome and Florence, two cities at the center of an elaborate web of trade routes. "L'occupation de Rhodes par les Hospitaliers", pp. In the face of this papal resistance, the movement disintegrated. the exploration and colonization of the Americas, even if they weren't At the height of the Roman Empire, it had been over a million -- so those 20,000 Romans were living amid the ruins of a city built for 50 times as many people. Until both groups of displaced city dwellers learned from the Indians to grow corn and other crops, starvation was a recurring problem. North America, 10001400 A.D. InHeilbrunn Timeline of Art History. "The Catalan Company and the European Powers, 13051311", p. 752. Pueblo Bonito, the largest of the great houses of Chaco Canyon, is a multistoried structure with almost 700 rooms; the Chaco regional system, with its ceremonial structures known as great kivas, as well as mounds and other earthworks, dominates northwestern New Mexico. During this time inventions in Europe and Asia dramatically impacted mankind. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. ad can fill the space above. The drought in Chaco Canyon leads to its abandonment. Danielle Olivia Tefft is a professional writer, former engineer and a Gemological Institute of America accredited jewelry professional. The Black Death was a devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s. However, the average height of Americans dropped about 2 inches in the following 50 years, as increased transportation and migration facilitated the spread of disease like whopping cough, scarlet fever and cholera. "Height is an indicator of overall health and economic well-being, and learning that people were so well-off 1,000 to 1,200 years ago was surprising," he said. The reasons for this remain unclear, but it is likely that lower temperatures in Europe between the 1300s and the 1800s, combined with higher levels of trade and movement between places, held height down during this period. Donate Life America (DLA) saw the need for a National Registry when several national partners approached DLA about promoting donation on a national level. The area had thick forests that nearly blocked out sunlight. NOT it increased agricultural output. "The temperature difference was enough to extend the growing season by three to four weeks in many settled regions of northern Europe," Steckel said. The Scottish Historical Review, Vol. With more labor available, inventors were motivated to devise gears, cogwheels and suction pumps to assist the mining process. "Height is also sensitive to the degree of inequality between populations.". At first, indentured servants were lured from England to work the tobacco fields, but once their seven-year terms were up, they quit to make their own way. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Archaic period (North America) Timeline, oldest continuously inhabited communities in the United States, List of archaeological periods (North America), "Lucy M. Lewis Dies; Self-Taught Potter, 93", "New Evidence May Solve Mystery of America's Huge Ancient City", "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Grand Village of the Natchez Site / Fatherland Plantation Site (22-Ad-501)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_North_American_prehistory&oldid=1151860969, 1000 BC: Pottery making widespread in the, 1 BC: Some central and eastern prairie peoples learned to raise crops and shape, 1 AD: Some central and eastern prairie peoples learned to raise crops and shape. | Populations leave the northern region of the Southwest and settle south along the Little Colorado River and the Rio Grande. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Homo Heidelbergensis lived in Europe and Africa between 700,000 and 200,000 years ago; males stood at an average of 5 feet 9 inches, while females were shorter, with an average height of 5 feet 2 inches. "Increased height may have been due partly to the retreat of the Little Ice Age, which would have contributed to higher yields in agriculture. During the late middle ages, Europe was focusing intensely on measuring the day, organizing time and distinguishing between different segments of time. Without manufactured or electronic toys, many children played with games and toys made from common materials found around the house. Northern European men living during the early Middle Ages were nearly as tall as their modern-day American descendants, a finding that defies conventional wisdom about progress in living standards during the last millennium. At many colonial dinner tables, the salt cellar, or standing salt, served as a centerpiece. Cahokia on the Mississippi River floodplain of Illinois expands; its over 100 earthen mounds are used for varying purposes. December 31, 1491 - The Americas prior to European exploration saw a North American and Caribbean population of native Americans that spread across the continent at a level still debated amongst scholars. "The Khalijs: Alauddin Khalij". Meanwhile, the average height of Japanese men between 1602 and 1867 is estimated at only 5 feet 1 inch. "Height studies for the late 18th and early 19th centuries show that large cities were particularly hazardous for health," Steckel said. Few houses were without a fire bucket, made of heavy leather and kept by the front door. 97 High Cholesterol Statistics You Should Know, Ohio State University Research Communications: Men from Early Middle Ages, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: FASTSTATS, Body Measurements, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History: Homo Heidelbergensis, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History: Homo Floresiensis, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History: Homo Neanderthalensis, Sumitomo Group Public Affairs Committee: The Modern Body, Macleans.ca; A Short History of Height; Christopher Watt; March 2005. Stream thousands of hours of acclaimed series, probing documentaries and captivating specials commercial-free in HISTORY Vault. Sponsor this page for $100 per year. Over the course of a few decades in the late 1300s and 1400s, vast amounts of ice were flushed out into the North Atlantic, which not only cooled the North Atlantic waters, but also . People also lived what we would consider very stationary lives, so outbreaks of communicable disease did not have the opportunity to spread over large areas. The earliest references to cannons occurred in manuscripts dated to 1327,1336 and 1347. All Rights Reserved. Casas Grandes is an important center for trade with Mexico. This important farming tool consisted of two wooden sticksa long handle and a shorter stick known as a swingle or swipejoined by a leather strap, a rope or a short chain. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Although the Maya faced many challenges in the area where they settled. Scientists believe the short, stocky bodies of Neanderthals helped them stay warm, allowing them to survive the harsh Ice Ages. It wasn't until almost 1900 when the US finally declared the Indian Wars over, but trouble continued to op up. 10001600, Iroquoian Language cultures, ca. Some people coped with the terror and uncertainty of the Black Death epidemic by lashing out at their neighbors; others coped by turning inward and fretting about the condition of their own souls. "Climate change was likely to have imposed serious economic and health costs on northern Europeans, which in turn may have caused a downward trend in average height.". (The French biologist Alexandre Yersin discovered this germ at the end of the 19th century.). Michele L. 30/08/2022 at 8:38 am . In the tenth chapter of his book, there is . The year 1300 was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1300th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 300th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 13th century, and the 1st year of the 1300s decade. Click here to Sponsor the page and how to reserve your ad. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/black-death. Japanese Art After 1392. Steckel analyzed height data from thousands of skeletons excavated from burial sites in northern Europe and dating from the ninth to the 19th centuries. The colonies began to thrive by the 1650s. The Roman monuments we're famil. 01. of 16. Charles Melville, "Anatolia under the Mongols", in. Meanwhile, in a panic, healthy people did all they could to avoid the sick. Mississippian cultural patterns are well established in the Midwest and Southeast, grounded in population growth and economic stability; maize agriculture and long-distance exchange systems are in place. "This decline of two-and-a-half inches substantially exceeds any height fluctuations seen during the various industrial revolutions of the 19th century," Steckel said. Theoretically, smaller populations had more land to choose from when producing crops and raising livestock. Regardless of how old we are, we never stop learning. The invention of the cannon is traced by most researchers to the middle of the 1300s. 1337 AD Hundred Year War - The Hundred Years War began when Philip VI contested the English claim to Normandy and other northern provinces. From farming implements to kitchenware to toys, these 13 objects were commonplace in homes during the colonial period. In fact, most art and architecture were . The success of food crops such as maize and beans allows for meaningful concentrations of peoples. Classroom is the educational resource for people of all ages. They were heaven sent . Though the flagellant movement did provide some comfort to people who felt powerless in the face of inexplicable tragedy, it soon began to worry the Pope, whose authority the flagellants had begun to usurp. Physicians relied on crude and unsophisticated techniques such as bloodletting and boil-lancing (practices that were dangerous as well as unsanitary) and superstitious practices such as burning aromatic herbs and bathing in rosewater or vinegar. MacDougall, Ian (1905). 1000-1600 Iroquoian Language cultures, ca. See disclaimer. Many people made their own candles by boiling berries from the bayberry bush and skimming the thick greenish wax off the top. 800-1600 PLAINS Archaic cultures, ca. In the early 1800s, the Cheyenne people of North America were among the tallest in the world, with an average male height of about 5 feet 10 inches. According to one doctor, for example, instantaneous death occurs when the aerial spirit escaping from the eyes of the sick man strikes the healthy person standing near and looking at the sick.. North America, 1000-1400 A.D. Timeline 1000 A.D. 1100 A.D. NORTHEAST Algonquian Language cultures, ca. the history of the USA as made by our land. American History and the historic sites and national parks that hold But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! European and American Architecture (1750-1900) Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Art in Europe and North America. "Average height is a good way to measure the availability and consumption of basic necessities such as food, clothing, shelter, medical care and exposure to disease," Steckel said. Between one million and one hundred million people are estimated to have lived in the Americas prior to Columbus. Perhaps surprisingly, research by a team from Ohio State University suggests that people living in the Middle Ages between the ninth and 11th centuries were taller than those living in the early 19th century. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. Updated: March 28, 2023 | Original: September 17, 2010. Ideas and American Democracy Government is a social contract based on consent of the governed. Francisco Oropesa, suspected of killing five people in Texas after they complained about him shooting his AR-15 late at night, had been deported five times, according to ICE source. This is a timeline of in North American prehistory, from 1000 BC until European contact. Population in the northern San Juan Basin of New Mexico concentrates in cliff dwellings such as Mesa Verde; Snaketown in Arizona is abandoned. Colonists ate directly from the simple plates, often with their hands, as utensils (other than spoons) didnt become commonplace until the 18th century. Although scholars still debate their specific origins, either the Chinese, the Hindus, the Arabs or the Turks were likely responsible for inventing cannons. Fewer than 150 of the roughly 700 Jamestown colonists survived the first three years on American soil. In the days before electricity, candles were a fixture in colonial homes. In 2011, the average American man measures 69.4 inches and the average woman 63.8 inches. "The Brooch of Lorn"in "Communications and Replies", pp. This trick for making homes smell good actually dates back to medieval Europe; its name comes from the French pomme dambre, meaning apple of amber. A piece of fruitusually an orangewould be studded with cloves and rubbed with oils and spices to make it extra fragrant. She has been a frequent contributor to History.com since 2005, and is the author of Breaking History: Vanished! Evidence suggests an average height of 5 feet 5 inches for males and 5 feet 1 inch for females. No one knew exactly how the Black Death was transmitted from one patient to another, and no one knew how to prevent or treat it. the firsts they thought they were. But many temperature fluctuations, ranging in length from about 15 to 40 years, kept people from fully adapting to a colder climate, Steckel said. Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1970). Check out READ MORE: What Was Life Like in Jamestown? Swamps and sinkholes gave the Maya a year round source of water., A sinkhole is an area where the soil has collapsed . Plague pandemics hit the world in three waves from the 1300s to the 1900s and killed millions of people. Benjamin Franklin and the American Dream: An Inquiry into Our Founding Values Antonio DiRenzo This course will explore the life, career, and legacy of Benjamin Franklin, the most popular of America's founders and the original American success story. | Medieval medicine, rural life, the grand feasts of the aristocracy and the Peasants' Revolt. West African Art: Liberia and Sierra Leone. that history within their lands. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=07®ion=na (October 2001), 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Algonquian Language cultures, ca. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Steckel wants to continue looking at, and interpreting, fluctuations in height across thousands of years. She has been published on the web since 2009 and has a wide variety of interests including vintage automobiles, gardening and history.

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