disadvantages of pragmatism in research

More prevalent are the discussions around the ways by which the social work knowledge is obtained. Taking multiplicity seriously: Pluralism, pragmatism, and integrative perspectives in clinical social work. How to perform a critical analysis of a randomised controlled trial. As action gets priority over thought, Pragmatism is also known as 'Expenditure' which believes in 'practicability' This done by taking an idea or belief and evaluating the effect it would have on your actions if you continued, or discontinued that belief. 2018. with ExamplesContinue, The time horizon inresearch onionis the timeframe relevant to the research. Erzberger, Christian, and Udo Kelle. 2011. In, Thompson, John Brandon. 1997. 2006. University of Maine 135.5K views. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 2009 Apr;23(2):291-303. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2009.03.003. Morgan, David L. 2007. PRAGMATISM. Wolfe, Alan. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. 2006. Only nine industry-funded pragmatic comparative drug effectiveness trials were published between 1996 and 2010 according to a systematic review of the literature [ 16 ], while thousands of efficacy trials have been published that explore optimization of testing circumstances. 2012. Available online: Macdonald, Geraldine, Brian Sheldon, and Jane Gillespie. Non-experimental The integration of qualitative and quantitative research enables a researcher to improve the quality of the research. MDPI and/or Qualitative Research. Design-Based Research and Interventions, Literature Review, Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Experimental and Quasi-experimental Research, Essentially, all models are wrong but some are useful. (Box, 1976). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8090255, Kaushik V, Walsh CA. Pragmatism as a research paradigm finds its philosophical foundation in the historical contributions of the philosophy of pragmatism (, As a philosophical movement, pragmatism originated in the late 19th century in the United States (, The term pragmatism was first used by William James in 1898 in a public speech; however, he acknowledged in his speech that his source of pragmatic philosophy was Charles Sanders Pierce, who himself borrowed the word pragmatic from Kants, The word pragmatism is originally derived from the Greek word pragma, which means action, and which is the central concept of pragmatism (, Pragmatism as a research paradigm refuses to get involved in the contentious metaphysical concepts such as truth and reality. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. 2010. Pragmatism suspends questions of the final truth of research outcomes and focuses only on their usefulness for a particular end. What if I dont want to participate in the state mandated sterilization program or the state mandated one child policy? [2] Applied research can be divided into the following three categories: 1. Randomization prevents the deliberate manipulation of results. In. 2009. The pragmatic view of language avoids thinking in ideal or abstract terms. Lo, Herman H. M., Siu Man Ng, and Cecilia L. W. Chan. The missing pragmatic revival in American social science. In. Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of 3D Technology dimensional.So, the hologram makes viewing more pragmatism and sensuousness.As stated by francis,T (2012)". Teddlie, Charles, and Abbas Tashakkori. It is important to understand what makes an expression pragmatic and to learn its components. Research Insights Volume 8 - Hardware Design: FPGA Security Risks; Zcash Cryptography and Code Review; Optimum Routers: Researching Managed Routers; Peeling back the layers on defence in depthknowing your onions; End-of-life pragmatism; iOS Instrumentation Without Jailbreak; The Password is Dead, Long Live the Password! Paradigm is a concept developed by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 whereby it is a basic orientation to theory and research. HUMANISTIC PRAGMATISM-This type of pragmatism is particularly found in social sciences. Pragmatic approaches may be less likely to prioritise ontological, epistemological or axiological consistency when combining different research methods, but the emphasis is on solving a pressing problem and adapting to the limitations of a project. 2010. 1. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Registered in England & Wales No. The most important part of developing language skills is making sure you use the right words and sentences. pragmatic sampling advantages and disadvantages. The common ground for three pragmatic philosophers of note - Peirce, James and Dewey - is the emphasis of practical usefulness and consequences of ideas and statements. 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Among philosophers committed to a realist or objectivist conception of truth, James and Dewey remain suspect for their belief that truths are provisional tools used to solve particular problems thrown up by life. 2003. More prevalent are the discussions around the ways by which social work knowledge is obtained. Leech, Nancy L., and Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie. Those who think in a less linear manner might have a better ability to perform qualitative analysis. 2013 Nov;36(2):356-61. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.08.008. Schilling, Robert F. 1997. We use cookies to improve your website experience. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the pragmatic sampling advantages and disadvantages. Research Methods Handbook by Rob Farrow; Francisco Iniesto; Martin Weller; and Rebecca Pitt is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. 1992. In recent years, social work scholars have drawn on the philosophical analysis of pragmatism to present a case for its value in the creation of knowledge for social work and other social justiceoriented professions. Case Study The second step to demonstrating your pragmatic skills is acquiring empathy. Political pragmatism and educational inquiry. It is a widely used model that provides guidelines to researchers to develop an effective research methodology for their study. The changing nature and context of social work research. Is Togle a Good Alternative to Textbooks? The following diagram shows how research approaches map onto philosophical worldviews. However, the problems with utilitarianism become clear once you begin to press it a little. However, quantitative research does not consider the context or background of the study. Lurie JD, Zagaria AB, Ellis L, Pidgeon D, Gill-Body KM, Burke C, Armbrust K, Cass S, Spratt KF, McDonough CM. Lincoln, Yvonne. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. 1. It sets an inclusive framework of inquiry that supports interdisciplinary and cooperative research about social injustices (, Any problem of scientific inquiry that does not grow out of actual (or practical) social conditions is factitious; it is arbitrarily set by the inquirer (, Methodological traditions are similar to any other social phenomena in that they are made by people who work together and criticize one another. No special Dig Dis Sci. Comment: the scientific practitioner and family therapy: A way forward, a strait-jacket or a distraction? If you do not have these skills, your chances of getting hired are slim. pragmatic sampling advantages and disadvantages. Even though many of the philosophers of the time rejected Christianity, they still assumed that the moral values taught by Christianity were true. Hypothesis is based on a limited evidence, reasoning, or observation. Evidence-Based Social Work Theory and Practice: Historical and Reflective Perspective. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Teaching Pragmatics. See Page 1. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Posner identifies pragmatism in this sense with science, and aspires to "nudge the judicial game a little closer to the science game." This implies a relative indifference to such things as tradition . This type of research focuses on analysing existing information about the phenomenon . Quasi-experimental Evidence-based practice and decision analysis in social work: An implementation model. Renew or manage your subscription here. Causal Comparative (Explain 2017. Restore content access for purchases made as guest, 48 hours access to article PDF & online version. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). fThe disadvantages 1.OPPOSITION TO ETERNAL TRUTHS 2.OPPOSITION OF PRE-DETERMINED IDEAS AND VALUES 3. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Other paradigms typically make use of these approaches but with a distinctive slant. 4. It segregates the researcher from the context or environment of the research. Desimone, Laura M. 2009. Pragmatism and critical theory. PMC 2014. Literacy research in the next millennium: From paradigms to pragmatism and practicality. Future writers can continue to synthesize research on this topic, typically the ones that promote or argue against the use of pragmatism as a research paradigm for social work and social justiceoriented research. 1999. In order to give the most people the most pleasure they must therefore go through some sort of pain. This can be quite effective for smaller or time-pressured research projects and avoids getting bogged down in philosophical issues and academic debates, but perhaps is of limited use in a doctoral project where the goal is usually to take the time needed to create new knowledge. Traditional randomized controlled trials are the 'gold standard' for evaluating health interventions and are typically designed to maximize internal validity, often at the cost of limited generalizability. The first step towards a pragmatic mindset is developing language skills. Classic utilitarianism developed in a society in the 17th and 18th century that was living on the Judeo Christian inheritance. For instance, When it comes to translating epistemological concerns into research methodology and finally deciding the research methods, pragmatism raises some methodological concerns. Pragmatic research is motivated by anticipated outcomes and the choice of what to research and how is broadly conditioned by where we want to go (Cherryholmes 1992). In. Effectiveness of a digital alcohol moderation intervention as an add-on to depression treatment for young adults: study protocol of a multicentre pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Evaluation research. 14th Oct, 2014. Design-Based Research The Spectrum of Research Approaches and Paradigmatic Research Methods. Keep me logged in (not suitable for shared devices). In. You seem to have javascript disabled. However, income does not affect demand for all the products at the same rate. Sonnad SS, Mullins CD, Whicher D, Goldsack JC, Mohr PE, Tunis SR. Contemp Clin Trials. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Pragmatic research methodology in education: possibilities andpitfalls, School of Teacher Development, Bishop Grosseteste University, Lincoln, UK, Centre for Education and Research, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK, /doi/full/10.1080/1743727X.2018.1524866?needAccess=true. The archdiocese is sponsoring the tour so that parishioners may be able to thank Mary for her protection throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and ask for global conflicts to end. Read on to learn more about its advantages and disadvantages. print and digital media outlets, dedicated to reporting the truth in light of the Gospel and the How a pragmatic perspective informed the researchers understanding of the impact of selecting a specific methodology and how this shaped the research and its outcomes concludes the paper. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. The pragmatic view looks at practical situations and everyday language, and seeks to explain how these concepts affect the way we think and act. 2019. Change further implies novelty", so education cannot be conceived of as acquired once for all. Creswell, John W., and Vicki L. Plano Clark. Anything that gives real pleasure costs something. The Pros and Cons Positivism Interpretivism Advantages Economical collection of a large amount of data Facilitates understanding of how and why Clear theoretical focus for the research from the outset Enables the researcher to be alive to changes which occur Greater opportunity for the researcher to retain control of the . We are now considering the proportionality of goodness. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. government site. Ontology plays a central role in definingepistemologyandresearch methodology. Using empathy is a crucial skill to be a good communicator. In. stream Pappas, Gregory Fernando. If you lack empathy, you will struggle to make the right decisions. % 2021 Feb 6;21:100721. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100721. Deweys theory of social inquiry has also been analyzed within the methodological contexts of pragmatism (see. It does not store any personal data. Therefore, objectivism and subjectivism cannot be segregated. Subscriber Service CenterAlready a subscriber? Read his blog, browse his books and be in touch at dwightlongenecker.com. Yes, Option #2 is the way to go. Pragmatists often make use of mixed methods and typically vary their approach depending on the constraints of a particular . Disclaimer. 3.1 Mixed methods and pragmatism Feilzer (2010) argues for the practical relevance of pragmatism as a research paradigm through the example of crime scenes, criminal data and interpretation in . However, there are some disadvantages associated with qualitative methods such as the inability of the researcher to control the influence of bias and rigidity. Pragmatism in social sciences, and particularly International Relations, remains committed to 'solving' problems in the real world through generating useful knowledge, validated through a consensus theory of truth. 2011. Ethnography It has four principles: Unity, Interest, Experience, and Integration. Reproduction of material from this website without written permission, or unlicensed commercial use or 2001. Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. Your empathy will pay off in the future. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the We want things to run on time. It might cost time, money, self discipline or self denial. In, Borden, William. Bryman, Alan. Interdisciplinary Examples of Toggling in Foreign Languages, How to Use Toggle Controls in Your Web Application. They want a solution that is efficient, effective and economical. Pragmatism originated in the United States during the latter . Against the quantitative-qualitative incompatibility thesis or dogmas die hard. Since then, he has become a prolific writer and author of twenty books, including Catholicism Pure & Simple, Quest for the Creed and The Mystery of the Magi. The primary focus of this essay is on providing a critical review and synthesis of the literature regarding pragmatism as a research paradigm. Empirical approaches to problems of injustices: Elizabeth Anderson and the Pragmatists. Epistemology and social work: enhancing the integration of theory, practice and research through philosophical pragmatism. The rule does not have any conscience protections for doctors or other health workers who object to providing abortions. Instead, it accepts that there can be single or multiple realities that are open to empirical inquiry ( Creswell and Plano Clark 2011 ). 1931. Aiken, Scott F., and Robert B Talisse. 1 Because such trials were performed with. Pragmatism's Advantage Abstract In this paper, the author argues that within the current philosophical debate, pragmatism has a distinct advantage over its rivals on the one hand, Anglo-American analytic philosophy and, on the other hand, continental philosophy. 2013. lUM{;)z UAWu?7wq! Rethinking the Clinical vs. Social Reform Debate: A Dialectical Approach to Defining Social Work in the 21st Century. Bower, Peter J., and Nancy Rowland. 2005. If you are not a good listener, you should be open to gaining sympathy for others. In. Morgan, David. Pragmatism is fine for everyday concerns, but when applied as a theory to social systems, utilitarianism seeks to solve. Study protocol for a school-based single group pragmatic trial to promote resilience in youth: Building Resilience for Healthy Kids. The use and value of mixed methods research in social work. The history and ideas of pragmatism. In. Optimizing the design of pragmatic trials: key issues remain. Faulkner, Samuel S., and Cynthia A. Faulkner. We want practical solutions to everyday problems. Dewey, John, ed. ~|;aO:ZeH_. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 2010. It is a constant reorganizing or reconstructing of experience. These concepts have no meaning in themselves and cannot be understood by ordinary people. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. Promoting evidence-based practice in a child care charity: The Barnardos experience. While common jargon and slang may be acceptable in everyday conversation, they are not appropriate in professional settings. It sounds like it should work. f Reasons for Supporting Positivism : Having gone through the strengths and weaknesses, one may still support positivism as a research paradigm. Goldkuhl, Gran. 2020 Jul 19;100(7):1153-1162. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzaa023. In December 2006 he was ordained as a Catholic priest under the special pastoral provision for married former Anglican clergy. 2000. f 9v=EdP&^6_mLetO Chaumba, Josphine. Moreover, this philosophical approach is closely associated with pragmatism and relativism. Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. The making of a constructivist: A remembrance of transformations past. Sherman, Rachel E., Steven A. Anderson, Gerald J. Dal Pan, Gerry W. Gray, Thomas Gross, Nina L. Hunter, Lisa LaVange, Danica Marinac-Dabic, Peter W. Marks, Melissa A. Robb, and et al. Furthermore, what if the good that someone decides is necessary for the greatest number to have goodness is not good for me? Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that - very broadly - understands knowing the world as inseparable from agency within it. Quantitative research examines relationships between variables and uses a theory testing approach. ; EXPONENTS Protagoras, of ancient Greece. Before After all, implementation scientists must find a balance between speed and rigor, reliance on . Implications of evidence-based practice for community health. A pragmatic approach allows the possibility of choosing the appropriate research methods from the wide range of qualitative and/or quantitative methods, and this pluralism is a strength of pragmatism that has several advantages for social justice research. , Read More Income Elasticity of DemandDefinitionContinue, Introduction Net Present Value (NPV) is a capital budgeting technique, also known as the investment appraisal technique. Multidisciplinarity, Interdisciplinarity, Transdisciplinarity, Action Research and Participatory Action Research, 3. The crucial consideration for the Pragmatist is whether the outcomes of research have any application value rather than whether they are true. 2011 Aug 1;36(17):E1121-5. In practice, research projects will often involve striking a balance between different elements of data collection and synthesis. Paulus, Martin P. 2017. The pragmatic approach will help you use the appropriate words in the proper context. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. In. Evaluating compassion-mindfulness therapy for recurrent anxiety and depression: A randomized control trial. In education, pragmatism is an approach to learning and teaching that focuses on keeping things practical. Heraclitus Gorgias Charles S. Piers (1839-1914) William James (1842-1910) John Dewey (1859-1952) W.H.Kilpatrick J.L . century, and its founders include Charles Sanders. A pragmatic approach to social work. Dr. Hina Kaynat 482 views. Rob Farrow; Francisco Iniesto; Martin Weller; and Rebecca Pitt, Next: Multidisciplinarity, Interdisciplinarity, Transdisciplinarity, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Testing a violence-prevention intervention for incarcerated women using a randomized control trial. 1998. For pragmatism, practical consequences are not profit-or-gain but are the axial test of epistemic and metaphysical significance. Indeed, social work practitioners are increasingly being expected to work in an evidence-based culture. Brighton and Sussex Medical School. Sign-up for E-NewsletterGet Register Updates sent daily or weeklyto your inbox. /Filter /FlateDecode It provides freedom to a researcher to develop research methodologies to address research problems and escape research or philosophical paradigms of qualitative and quantitative research. Betzner, Anne E. 2008. See further details. Longitudinal Analysis 2006. The pros and cons of evidence-based medicine. While this discussion is not intended to be exhaustive, it does bring together the critical literature that speaks about pragmatism as a research paradigm and its implication for social work research. Qualitative research is used to understand a phenomenon. [. Maxcy, Spencer J. Index Terms - Learning, Method of Teaching, Pragmatism, Values 1. In order to develop pragmatic skills, one should also practice listening, speaking, and reading to make sure that they are being understood by those around them. Godwin M, Ruhland L, Casson I, MacDonald S, Delva D, Birtwhistle R, Lam M, Seguin R. BMC Med Res Methodol. Shaw, Ian. Careers. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). Subscribe Now Mixed research-methods (1) Rakibul islam 661 views. Multiphase Improving impact studies of teachers professional development: Toward better conceptualizations and measures. Narrative Webb, Stephen A. There are several disadvantages in the application of the interpretive paradigm. They must pay for their pleasure (or else it is not truly pleasurable). Goles, Tim, and Rudy Hirschheim. The .gov means its official. 2021 May 22;21(1):265. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03222-1. Zapf, Michael Kim. Pragmatics can combine both, positivist and interpretivism positions within the scope of a single research according to the nature of the research question. 2016. Both share the principle that overt action is necessary in combination with reflection for acquiring knowledge and that our ideas, concepts, and theories can be tested only by our rational actions that follow from them and observing and analyzing the consequences. 2019 Apr;64(4):1050-1057. doi: 10.1007/s10620-019-05541-6. Research Onion ode was presented by Saunders (2007). and C.A.W. 2019, 8, 255. Maxwell, Joseph A., and Kavita Mittapalli. 2008. Shaw, Ian. Maxwell, Joseph A. 2015. It is the reason that pragmatic research integrates the strengths of qualitative and quantitative research within a study. 2010. Using common slang and jargon in a casual conversation may be perfectly acceptable, but it is not acceptable in a business environment. Finally, section 7 offers a brief conclusion to the paper. A pragmatic person leans more to the definitive answers provided in quantitative research. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The result is millions of deaths of innocent unborn children, womens health endangered, families broken and untold negative consequences. Guidelines for conducting and reporting mixed research in the field of counseling and beyond. (Relation between variables) And who doesnt? However, qualitative research does not provide sufficient reliability and validity. Victoria Clarke 2.1K views. Keywords: pragmatism; pragmatic research; social justice research; social work research 1. Analyzing observational data during qualitative research. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Introduction In social research, the term "paradigm" is used to refer to the philosophical assumptions or to the basic set of beliefs that guide the actions and dene the worldview of the researcher (Lincoln et al.2011). Lushin, Victor, and Jeane W. Anastas. Ones perceptions of the world are influenced by our social experiences. National Library of Medicine A pragmatic person is interested in the practical solution of problems. Feilzer, Martina Yvonne. Pragmatism. The fourth problem of utilitarianism therefore is that, for utilitarianism to work, someone has to decide what the greatest good is for the greatest number actually is, and that good has to be enforced one way or another. Pragmatism is practical, but pragmatism also has problems. International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research IJETSR www.ijetsr.com ISSN 2394 - 3386 Volume 5, Issue 1 January 2018 FORMS OF PRAGMATISM 1. This is why utilitarianism, on its own, brings totalitarianism, and tyranny does not bring the greatest good for the greatest number, but the greatest evil to the greatest number. /Length 3640 Continue. Thus, pragmatic research allows the integration of inductive and deductive reasoning instead of conducting two separate qualitative and quantitative research. In bringing together a variety of perspectives, we argue that pragmatism has the potential to closely engage and empower marginalized and oppressed communities and provides hard evidence for micro- to macro-level discourse. This paper considers the challenges experienced by a doctoral student engaging in qualitative research. Webb, Stephen A. >> You can evaluate both scientific and personal ideas in this manner. When patients choose a dialysis modality, various medical and socioeconomic factors should be considered, and the decision to go with one mo-dality over another should be made on a patient-centered basis. FOIA Available a reseacher conducts a life interview, does, the test test may ask for clarification with she does not comprehend a query. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. Demand for some products can skyrocket by a small increase in income, but for some products, it can fall into negative. Pragmatism is focused on the future. 2001. Grounded theory research. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Exploratory Sequential Rosiek, Jerry Lee, and Scott Pratt. most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. The more you can understand other people, the better your chances of success. Paradigms and perspectives in contention. Catholic Church. Give a Gift SubscriptionBless friends, family or clergy with a gift of the Register. It allows a researcher to integrate the strengths of qualitative and quantitative research within a study. << 2014. A pragmatic lens presents a real alternative that can be developed and utilized for social work research (, There is a strong fit between pragmatism and advocacy of social justice (, Pragmatist inquiry has a broad view of the initial experiential material to be analyzed. Methods of Discovery: Heuristics for the Social Sciences, Research for Social Workers: An Introduction to Methods, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research, Reshaping Theory in Contemporary Social Work: Toward a Critical Pluralism in Clinical Practice, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approach, Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches, Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, How We Think: A Restatement of the Relation of Reflective Thinking to the Educative Process, Research Methods for Social Workers: A Practice-Based Approach, Omega: The International Journal of Management Science, Social Work Practice: Problem Solving and Beyond, Pragmatism and the Classical American Philosophy: Essential Readings and Interpretive Essay, Human Behavior Theory for Social Work Practice, Philosophical Foundations of Quantitative Research Methodology, The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, Effective Interventions for Child Abuse and Neglect: An Evidence-Based Approach to Planning and Evaluating Interventions, SAGE Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research, Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: A Pragmatic Approach, The Journal of the Operational Research Society, Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, Journal for Social Action in Counseling and Psychology, Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, Learning in the Field: An Introduction to Qualitative Research, Pragmatism and Feminism: Reweaving the Social Fabric, Jane Addams: Progressive Pioneer of Peace, Philosophy, Sociology, Social Work and Public Administration, Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, The Revival of Pragmatism: New Essays on Social Thought, Law, and Culture, Fashion Brand Love: Application of a CognitionAffectConation Model, Teaching Urban Sustainability: A Study Abroad Perspective, http://ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/docview/2088045441?accountid=9838, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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