alexandria, louisiana massacre

"He knows what graveyards look like. Here's a list of the best things to do in Alexandria, Louisiana: Encounter Exotic Animals at the Alexandria Zoological Park Billy Hathorn at en.Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. When he was interviewed for the video, he was attending a Memorial Day service held by the Buffalo Soldiers Motorcycle Club to honor the soldiers killed in that incident. But on April 13, 1873, a small army of white ex-Confederate soldiers, enraged after attempts by freedmen to assert their new rights . The Louisiana Democrat. Itis now only a vacant lot. The Caucasian of Alexandria, Louisiana, was founded in April 1874, one year after the infamous Colfax Massacre (or Colfax Riot) in neighboring Grant Parish, a political conflict that resulted in the death of as many as 150 African Americans.Bearing the motto "Truth Crushed to Earth Will Rise Again," the Caucasian reported on the prosecution of the massacre's white participants . He was hit in the left hip but . Louisiana Lynching Victims Memorial Share Special Exhibits The Freedom-Lovers' Roll Call Wall Stories Behind the Postcards: Paintings and Collages of Jennifer Scott Portraiture of Resistance Memorial to the Victims of Lynching Freedom-Lovers' Pledge Explore Our Galleries African Peoples Before Captivity Kidnapped: The Middle Passage Nearly Three Centuries Of Enslavement Reconstruction: A . In her later years, Compton handed the annualmemorial wreath-laying traditionto the Buffalo Soldiers Motorcycle Club after she was unable to continue. Today, it exists only on a website Lavergnes company, Kinetix, built for the organization that had commissioned the mural. One eyewitness later claimed that the MP panicked when the mob jostled him and he fired directly into the crowd. Please include title of story. After doing research, Wynne knew they were going to need a ground penetrating radar device to discover whether a mass grave could existat the cemetery. . Lake Buhlow in Pineville features high-speed motorboat racing, and the Alexandria Riverfront Center hosts statewide conventions and galas. Something happened. 1845-1918. The number of soldiersand possibly civilianskilled is unknown. Published: Feb. 1, 2021 at 4:36 PM PST. But the soldiers, both Black and white, would frequent Alexandria during their off-duty hours. PINEVILLE, La. If a dozen more black soldiers were massacred, its unknown where they are buried. Heplans to carefully diagram where every unmarked grave is located. When the Bureau of Freedmen (a governmental organization created to provide emancipated African-Americans with legal, health and educational assistance and help them settle abandoned lands) sent Lieutenant Jesse Lee to investigate, he called it a quiet reign of terror so far as the freed people were concerned. Influential Republican Beverly Wilson, an African-American blacksmith in Opelousas, believed black citizens were in a worse condition now than in slavery. Another observer was led outside the town of Opelousas and shown the half-buried bodies of more than a dozen African-Americans. The most plausible would be maybe 20 to 30 soldiers would be killed that could conceivably, I thought, be concealed, says Dr. Simpson. It is unclear why there had been such a sense of urgency to remove instead of restore the mural, but regardless, it echoes what one discovers at Camp Claiborne. Some people took refuge at St. James Catholic Church,Jackson recalled Compton told him. The story of the Lee Street Riot had been passed down orally through the years since 1942. The story has been kept alive and there now appears to be more interest in it. Thousands of white men began arming themselves and raiding houses around the area. Due to Simpson's and Tyson's interviews, Wynne said, "We now know more about the reported deaths of the soldiers. Scalise, 51, who represents Louisiana and is the third-ranking Republican in the House, was standing at second base when the shooting erupted, witnesses said. Those editorials spurred Democrats to action and instigated violence everywhere, wrote Warmoth in his book War, Politics, and Reconstruction: Stormy Days in Louisiana. There were few places in the country that would have looked the other way like Alexandria had in the aftermath of the night of Saturday, Jan. 10th, 1942, when a white military police officer incited a riot that allegedly resulted in at least 10 and as many as 15 Black soldiers killed and dozens more injured outside of a movie theater in the middle of downtown, on a street named in honor of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee. Perhaps a shot was fired. But most stories are consistent with saying it initially began withaBlack soldier and a white military police officeror two MPs at The Ritz Theater, which was located near the corner of Lee and 8th Streets in downtown Alexandria. They sent Ralph Williams, an award-winning correspondent, to Central Louisiana. With the help of tens of thousands of black citizens who finally had the right to vote, Republicans handily won local and state elections that spring. Copyright 2020 KALB. Landry Parish illustrates the local shift of power after 1868, where an instance of conservative boss rule occurred and the parish Republican Party was unable to fully recover for the remainder of Reconstruction, writes historian Matthew Christensen. Golden Shield. It was where Solomon Northup spent ten of his twelve years in captivity. For a time, the parishs largest slave owner had been Meredith Calhoun, the man who allegedly inspired the notorious character Simon Legree in Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin. According to the 1860 Census, there were more slaves in Rapides Parish than in any other parish in the state. Siria Arizmendi, a fifth-grade teacher at Flores Middle School in Uvalde, Texas, learned late Tuesday with her family . The Bayou Brief is Louisianas only statewide, completely free, member-supported digitally-oriented publication. The marker,to be erected at 819 Lee St., was on display at the State of the Community briefing held by Mayor Jeff Hall at the Randolph RiverFront Center last Friday. Colfax is part of the Alexandria, Louisiana Metropolitan Statistical Area. Historians are searching for a long-buried secret. "I don't know how I got to safety after the riot," a black trainee at Camp Claiborne recalled. January 10, 1942, in Alexandria, Louisiana. Simpson never heard of thisstory involvingLee Streetuntil he was teaching a session about Central Louisiana and World War II in the mid-1980s. Colfax Massacre aftermath, Harper's Weekly, May 10, 1873, p. 397. Black sugar cane workers, determined to unionize for a living wage, chose to combine their minimal power during the crucial harvest season. On June 14, 2017, a gunman walked onto a baseball field at Eugene Simpson Park in Alexandria, Virginia, opening fire on politicians and wounding House GOP Whip Steve Scalise of Louisiana and four . Black soldiers were stationed at Camp Claiborne while white soldiers were stationed at Camp Livingston and Camp Beauregard. By 5 June, six more warships had entered Alexandria harbour . If anything, the vengeance visited upon the Negro population was greater, as blacks were no longer protected by any consideration of their monetary value.. Colfax Memorial Organization Dedicates Memorial on 150th Anniversary of Colfax Massacre. 2. The Colfax Massacre has been known as the "Colfax Race Riot" or the "Easter Sunday Massacre.". In January, Woods wrote to Louisiana Economic Development (LED), the state agency responsible for historical markers, telling them of his family connection to the massacre and urging the sign's . Today, outside of Central Louisiana, what transpired that night in Alexandria, in a part of town that was called Little Harlem, has been either completely forgotten or entirely misremembered. Instead, their actions sparked a massacre. The crowd, including soldiers and civilians, resented the actions of the MP. Yet for all that it was the deadliest instance of racial violence during the Reconstruction period, the Opleousas massacre is little remembered today. The Alexandria, Louisiana, Lee Street Riot (January 10, 1942).". But there was another factor, and the federal government didnt make it much of a secret: Locals, they believed, wouldnt complain about the inconvenience. "Thanksgiving and Christmas. OLPS . Where they had never lived in segregation or the social etiquette that went along with how to negotiate interactions with whites. The Deadliest Massacre in Reconstruction-Era Louisiana Happened 150 Years Ago. 160 Fox Fire Ln USD 27 Jun 04 75th Anniversary Celebration. "Others say a massacre occurred in a matter that reportedly lasted between 2 and 6 hours. Williams filed a report alleging the riot had been premeditated and that there were vastly more fatalities than the zero the military had claimed. . IN THIS UNPRECEDENTED TIME, YOUR SUPPORT IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN EVER, James Carvilles Stirring Tribute to Louisiana Gov. "You had thousands of soldiers in town on liberty weekend," said Simpson. He knows what human remains look like. All we did, basically, in some ways, was take pictures of the ground - X-ray the ground - no intrusive, no digging or anything like that. Address: 3601 Bayou Rapides Road, Alexandria, LA 71303, United States. The Louisiana Maneuvers trained thousands of soldiers to fight in World War II. A University of Southern Mississippi (USM) professor has joined in an effort to resolve questions about the potential existence of a mass grave of African-Americans killed in a 1940s riot in Alexandria, Louisiana by arranging a roundtable panel focused on the issue in the upcoming 38th annual Gulf South Historical Association meeting being held in that city this weekend. Next photo. This begs the question - was it a riot or a . Today, you can still find the bones of its sports arena, hollowed-out water tanks, the foundation of the bank, and the old officers club, next to its emptied-out swimming pool. STAFF PHOTO BY LESLIE . "Well, nobody has $100,000 to put towards this at this time," said Wynne. Over the summer, armed white men harassed black families, shot at them outside of Opelousas (the largest city in St. Landry Parish), and killed men, women and children with impunity. In the following eight decades, Wynne said that those in the Black community have come to believe that many Black soldiers died in the incident whose deaths were covered up. A memorial to the three white men who died fighting for white supremecy during the Colfax Massacre stands in the town cemetery Thursday, April 13, 2023, in Colfax, La. There is one bit of folklore that continues to persist: the story of what a small group of Black soldiers had attempted to do once they returned to base. On September 13, the Republicans held a meeting in the town of Washington, not far from Opelousas, and found streets lined with armed Seymour Knights. The Thibodaux Massacre took place in Thibodaux, Louisiana on November 23, 1887. "Mrs. Etta Compton introduced me to it and from there we collaborated with her until her passing.". In 2003, in preparation for the city museums Heart of Spain exhibit, three local artists painted a mural on the side of a vacant building on Lee, directly across the street from the since-demolished Ritz Theater; the mural had honored prominent African Americans in Central Louisianas history, including David Iles and Louis Berry. Heart of Louisiana: Alexandrias Lee St. riot, Skull fragment found in Lake Pontchartrain identified as prehistoric indigenous remains, Jazz Fest day 2 features Ed Sheeran, The Revivalists, How family support keeps Vaucresson Sausage at Jazz Fest, Alfred Banks prepares to take the Congo Square stage with glblwrmng, Bayou Wear official outfits of Jazz Fest 2023. The Alexandria, Louisiana, Lee Street Riot (January 10, 1942) By WILLIAM M. SIMPSON' January 1942 brought Alexandrians, as it did most persons across the United States, bleak prospects for a happy new year. Be careful as you cross through Woodworth. Rumors spread, and soon many Republicans were convinced Bentley had been killed, though he managed to escape with his life. Use arrow keys to navigate. The Alexandria, Louisiana Lee Street Riot, it generated renewed (albeit temporary) local interest in the subject. Simpson also spoke with one of my distant cousins, State Trooper Charner Lyles, who revealed, somewhat reluctantly, he had seen at least one dead man on the street that night, which was 100% more than the government acknowledged. Some historians believe there was a cover-up by the United States military and researchers are hunting for a possible mass grave. And after the first of the year, on the 79th anniversary of the Lee Street Riot, I'm going to begin anew and see what I can accomplish.". Holt and his team foundareas at Holly Oak Cemetery that they deemed to beworthy of further research. . Copyright 2020 WVUE. Surface changes, soil changes and big tree roots, which look like an interred body, are also organic and surrounded by soil can provide challenges for the radar when used in a cemetery. Albert H. Leonard, a Shreveport Times editor, power broker, and prominent White Leaguer, began calling on his fellow paramilitaries that summer of 1874 to murder Republican political leaders and instill fear . The people generally are well satisfied with the result of the St. Landry riot, only they regret that the Carpet-Baggers escaped, wrote Daniel Dennet, editor of the Democratic Franklin Planters Banner. In the wake of Simpsons scholarship, even the Town Talk had been forced to publicly acknowledge its own complicity in manufacturing what now was clearly revealed to be an egregious cover-up. (KALB) - Expert researchers and historians spent Tuesday at Holly Oak Cemetery in Pineville, searching for a rumored mass gravesite. In 1940, 8,000 construction workers began moving into Central Louisiana, building the entire place in less than a year. There were several reasons the federal government selected Central Louisiana as the staging grounds for the largest-ever military exercise in the nations history: The regions mild climate meant training could be year-round; the area had been used before, during WWI, and it helped that the newly-established Kisatchie National Forest meant the federal government already owned a ton of land. The contradiction between the official report and oral history is what kept Simpson interested. Touch for map. That was an inescapable reality. Simpson spent several years interviewing witnesses and researching the event, widely believed to be the most significant race riot during WWII, and when he published his findings in 1994 in an essay titled A Tale Untold? The service was held at the site of the former Ritz Theater on Lee Street. Were looking at these signals here, says Dr. David Holt. He felt there were two areas that absolutelyare worthy of looking further at that are potential mass graves.". No one stayed long. In one of its first reports about the unfortunate outbreak, the Town Talk even boasted about how pleased the military was with the paper. Lee Street was the center of Alexandrias black community in 1942. The team also went to Potters Field in Pineville to look at potential gravesites there. When they did start reporting the next week, they could only give the information that the Army gave them.". . And the empty lot was the site of the Ritz Theater. In this post slavery epoch, Louisiana would elect the first black mayor . "Getting them out of here. In the case of thevictims of the Lee Street incident, Holt theorized that they could have been shroud burials, meaning they were wrapped in cloth,instead of buried in coffins. The police and the military as well as the military police cornered off an eight block area for hours, says Wynne. "And I was convinced that that was not the case.". The Alexandria Massacre of 11 June 1882 and the British Occupation of Egypt M. E. Chamberlain In the early aftemoon of Sunday, 11 June 1882, an Arab donkey boy, named El Ajjan, deposited his passenger, an unidentified Maltese,' at the cafe Kawat-el-Gezaz in the wide Rue des Soeurs in the European . So, it led to conflicts anywhere they were positioned in the South, says Dr. Doug Bristol. So she called the local police officer over who of course immediately started to arrest him and other soldiers that had come out with him that night, came around and this became a police riot because one among the things they reported where police were doing things like just shooting into black barbershops. Hell begins after you leave camp in the South to travel, a Black veteran told Elbert J. Harris in 1948. The Civil War altered Rapides Parish forever. Some say it was 20 while others think it could be as high as 300. The battle-turned-massacre took place in the small town of Colfax, Louisiana as a clash between blacks and whites. The city had to budget about $100,000 for the careful exhumation of the remains, he said. But they never, never found out how many soldiers were killed.". The primary difference was that in 1942, unlike 1877, the regions White establishment welcomed the federal government. It was a tradition she later passed on to the Buffalo Soldiers Motorcycle Club as she got older and couldn't do it anymore. The Calhoun compound enslaved at one point over 1,000 people, and its location on the east bank of the Red River made it a perfect place for trade beyond its cash crops. Previous photo. and race riots such as the 1873 Colfax Massacre, in which many white citizens of Rapides Parish took part. With the approach of the presidential elections in November, the tension only increased. Sort: Homes for You. There would be no Republican organization in the parish for the next four years, and no Republican paper until 1876. The United States Army wanted to keep close tabs on the regiment so they . We are trying to find the mass grave of these black soldiers. A November 1942 memo to the Secretary of War from Truman Gibson, Civilian Aide to the Secretary, detailed "violent and abusive treatment of Negro military personnel by civilian public authorities in the South." It listed incidents in Alexandria, La., Columbia, S.C., Norfolk, Va., Mobile and Montgomery, Ala., Beaumont, Texas and Little Rock . The population was 1,659 at the 2000 census. Possibly one of the soldiers got intoxicated and the white military police who were armed tried to arrest them, but something happened. The shiny new black marble monument dedicated to the victims of the Colfax Massacre sits next to the railroad tracks on Eighth Street, not far from where the atrocity took place on April 13, 1873. 5716 Skye St, Alexandria, LA 71303. He referred to the excavation of bodiesfrom the 1921 Tulsa, Okla., massacre that were recently exhumed from a mass grave at Oaklawn Cemetery. Durand, the other editor of the St. Landry Progress, was murdered in the early days of the massacre and his body displayed outside the Opelousas drug store. On the first night, only one small group of armed African-Americans assembled to deal with the report theyd heard about Bentley. The late Etta Compton, whose husband owned a business on Lee Street, kept the history of this 1942 incidentalive by telling others about it. "Something that we should all be very proud of.". March Massacre At Pepper Lounge. Lorraine Boissoneault Kathleen Blanco. As a small number of African-Americans prepared to rescue Bentley, word spread around the parish that a black rebellion was imminent. According to the Jan. 24, 1942 edition of The Afro American Newspaper, the incident began in The Ritz Movie Theater when a whitemilitary police officer beat aBlacksoldier. (KALB) - Expert researchers and historians spent Tuesday at Holly Oak Cemetery in Pineville, searching for a rumored mass gravesite. Avery Hamilton told a crowd gathered for the monumentsdedication ceremony last week, in the small community about 120 miles southeast of Shreveport, Louisiana. "And whether it's one body, 20 bodiesor many more, we want to find where they are and finally bring resolution to the families who lost their sons in this tragic massacre.". Daughter Olga was 22 years old, Tatiana was 21, Maria was 19, Anastasia was 17, and Alexei was 13 years old. To uncover the truth, four nationally known researchers, including Dr. Douglas Bristol and Dr. David Holt from the University of Mississippi, brought a penetrating radar device to the cemetery Tuesday. A small memorial placed at the site of the former Ritz Theater by the late Etta Compton prompted Tyson's story. Location. Freeman said he is grateful to the City of Alexandria for erecting the marker but the Buffalo Soldiers will still continue their work. The truth remains elusive and the search will go on to find out if black soldiers training to fight Americas enemies overseas also faced a deadly threat at home. (60 of the 90 men who responded were military police officers who had been stationed at nearby training camps). Three of them critically.". Colfax was the scene of the Colfax massacre on Easter, April 13, 1873. Basketball legend Rivers, longtime Globetrotter, dies at 73, Public Inspection File - digicomm@kalb.com - (318) 483-4211. There were, in fact, a number of soldiers killed on that violent night in Alexandria. The war ended formally on 2 September 1945, when the Japanese surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur on . For several hours, the experts took photos using the device, flagging any spots of interest for future reference. allegedly fired his gun at a Black soldier leaving the Ritz Theater, attempting to arrest the man for disorderly conduct. We need contributions from you, our readers, to ensure the Bayou Brief can continue its work. Down Home Louisiana. (KALB) - The Alexandria Police Department is investigating four homicides that occurred in Jan. 2021. "And the theory behind this is, those larger areas area place where several people could have been buried at once. Editors of Democratic newspapers repeatedly warned of dire consequences if the Republican party continued winning victories at the polls. 1 day on Zillow. And others who were wounded hid under houses where they died. Lee Street Riot: Experts look at rumored mass grave site at Holly Oak Cemetery in Pineville. Source: Photo by Wikimedia Commons user Billy Hathorn used under CC BY-SA 3.0. In order to catch the bus, a Black soldier had to walk five miles to get to the closest station. Speakers at . ", "From my understanding, what we're looking for are the areas of the cemetery that have not been 'used'," explained Holt. Marker is on Lee Street north of 9th Street, on the right when traveling north. The United States has done comparatively little until quite recently to memorialize its history of significant racial violence, Pfeifer said. There were four major military training camps within fifty miles of Alexandria, and the influx of soldiers stretched the local police force thin. Your California Privacy Rights / Privacy Policy. "Aside from the civilians and soldiers enjoying that night, were dozens of military police from the local camps, both Black and white, with the white MPs being the only ones fully armed to handle any trouble caused by the soldiers on Lee," he said. According to the oral history of the incident,an unknown number of Blacksoldiers were killed on Jan. 10, 1942. Alexandria, LA 71301 (318) 483 . "So the press had very little information. It is the principal city of the Alexandria metropolitan area (population 153,922) which encompasses all of Rapides and Grant parishes. "And then I'm going to let the holidays pass," he said. This was particularly true for Black soldiers training at Camp Claiborne. Holt explained to those gathered at the cemetery thatthe ground penetrating radar operates similar to a Doppler radar andbounces a signal off an object. The first violent contest over the Grant Parish courthouse took place April 1, 1873. "He was very conservative," said Wynne. Displeased with the way Bentley had portrayed the Democrats, Democrats John Williams, James R. Dickson (who later became a local judge), and constable Sebastian May visited Bentleys schoolhouse to make good on the anonymous threats of the earlier September note. An anonymous letter about a violent incident nearly 80years ago in Alexandriais the impetus for a renewed effort to discover what happened during and after an incidentonLee Street in 1942. On this site occurred the Colfax Riot in which three white men and 150 negroes were slain. Property values skyrocketed as a result. Dr. Bristol is a history professor at the University of Southern Mississippi and says it appears the violence started when a black soldier stepped in front of a car driven by a white woman. I think that would bring a degree of closure, says Dr. Simpson. [volume] (Alexandria, La.) Where are they buried? asks Michael Wynne. The most serious and compelling scholarship on the subject of the Lee Street Riot was by Dr. Bill Simpson, a former history professor at Louisiana College. That Saturday night in 1942 was like any other, said Wynne. The soldiers were all unarmed; the military police and state troopers, however, had an arsenal at their disposal. In September 1868, Southern white Democrats hunted down around 200 African-Americans in an effort to suppress voter turnout. She is also the author of The Last Voyageurs: Retracing La Salle's Journey Across America. We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. "Once I started research, the official records from the Army indicated that yes, there was a riot but there were no soldiers killed," said Simpson. The camp, of course, is a ghost town. A misfired rifle nearly caused a riot to break out, but in the end, everyone departed peacefullythough the Democrats threatened Bentley if he failed to publish an honest account of the event in the St. Landry Progress. "Our city in recent years has often been considered by many around the state as one of the most enlightened cities of our state," said Wynne. We remember driving the abandoned roads of the camp and stopping to shoot BB guns into some of the abandoned warehouses during the late 1950s. And just as theyd been ordered to stay away from Glenmora, Black soldiers were told that Alexandria was also now off-limits.. A white militia was led against freedmen by Christopher Columbus Nash . That would mean there isorganic material surrounded by organic material. D.S. Only weeks earlier the Japanese attack upon Pearl Harbor had The quick and easy way to find all the exciting Halloween attractions in the Louisiana area for 2023! Donate here through ActBlue, or by sending a check to Bayou Brief at 3208 Pine Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125. Secret Democratic organizations were formed, and all armed. "And yet the testimony from the community - people who had been eyewitnesses and such - told an entirely different story - that there were a number of soldiers who were killed.". "They said they were shipping the soldiers out so fast they were shipping them in rough boxes," said Jacob Crittle in a 2018 Town Talk video. "But the oral testimony to me was compelling," said Simpson. For those familiar with my previous reporting about Louisiana College, I should note that Bill Simpson worked at LC before its credibility as an academic institution was effectively destroyed in the aftermath of a hostile . When I was a high school student, more than 50 years after the camps closure, kids would drive out to Claiborne to drink beer and smoke pot. The U.S. Army was segregated in those days, so Black soldiers were stationed at Camp Claiborne while white soldiers were stationed at Camp Livingston and Camp Beauregard. I think well have an answer today as to whether or not this cemetery is the spot where the mass graves are. As one scholar noted, Blacks lived so far away from the main facilities it seemed to have no physical connection at all with the camp itself. Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. With echoes of the bondage Read MoreThe Thibodaux Massacre (November 23, 1887) Deadly violence is especially common in the metro area. "The Army quickly cordoned off that corridor of Lee Street denying access to anything," he said. Click Here to report it. Halloween is just around the corner, and if you're looking for some spooky fun then you've come to the right place. Something happened that night. Alexandria is the ninth-largest city in the state of Louisiana and is the parish seat of Rapides Parish, Louisiana, United States. "I believe my basic thesis has been accepted conclusively by others. The Ritz Theater was demolished in the late 1970s, as were several other buildings. See a spelling or grammar error in our story? Golden Apple. Cookie Policy Im hoping and praying that we can find out the truth to this great American mystery.. Hopefully the full truth of what actually happened on that never-to-be-forgotten night will come out one day.". Today819 Lee St. is just a vacant lot in downtown Alexandria, but back in 1942it was the site the former Ritz Theater, where the trouble began. In erecting the marker, Wynne said the citizens of Alexandria are committing to becoming better people and telling"our children and our children's children of this tragedy., "It has been a long road to get to this point," said Wynne. It features over 500 exotic animals belonging to diverse species. In the 55 years between Reconstruction and the Second World War, time may have moved, but in Central Louisiana, almost everything else remained still. The Thibodaux Massacre Left 60 African-Americans Dead and Spelled the End of Unionized Farm Labor in the South for Decades. For a few hours, the team walked through the cemetery with the ground penetrating radar, flaggingareas of interest to uncover answers to the mystery detailed in the letter. And in St. Landry, one of the largest and most populous parishes in the state, thousands of white men were eager to take up arms to defend their political power. 2017-2021 Bayou Brief. "But there were those who told me that they saw the bodies of soldiers lying in the street.

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