Sketch Publications, Vashon, WA. PRISM 19762005 Plant Hardiness Zone Maps: (A) conterminous United States; (B) Alaska; (C) Hawaii; and (D) Puerto Rico. J. This edition of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM) is GIS (Geographic Information System)-based for the first time.
Compared to the 1990 version, zone boundaries in this edition of the map have shifted in many areas. An approach toward the rational classification of climate, Census 2000 PHC-T-29. 2008 How cold can you go? In: L.V. 38 55 94. 6B). For the first time, the new map offers a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based interactive format and is specifically designed to be Internet-friendly. Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. In: L.V. Brenzel, K.N. 2005 Plant adaptation regions: Ecological and climate classification of plant materials Rangeland Ecol. 3. Guidelines for assessing the suitability of spatial climate data sets, A knowledge-based approach to the statistical mapping of climate, Physiographically-sensitive mapping of temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States, A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain, Development of a new USDA plant hardiness zone map for the United States, How cold can you go? Official websites use .gov
Phenology and depth of cold acclimation in the three subspecies of. Sci. A map of the standard deviation of the 19762005 PH statistic in the conterminous United States (Fig. Hort. USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 2000 valuation de la tolrance du Thuja occidentalis L. et de huit de ses cultivars aux conditions climatiques du nord-est canadien Can. A 30-year period was chosen instead of a shorter period because it is more stable statistically, samples recent climatological variation more completely, and depicts with higher fidelity the role that past winters have played on the survival of long-lived plants. }
In 2004, the USDA-ARS assembled a technical review team (TRT), including representatives from the horticulture and nursery industries, public gardens, agro-meteorologists, climatologists, and plant scientists, and they developed technical guidelines and suggested ways to present the resulting information that maximize its value to researchers, the horticultural producers, gardeners, and governmental agencies. Figure 1 shows the most current USDA Hardiness Zones for South Carolina. (2002), Schrader and Graves (2003), Szalay et al. UConn plant database. Geographical Soc., New York. 15 221 229, Wyman, D. & Flint, H.L. These hardiness maps are an excellent guide for picking flowers, shrubs, trees, and herbs that are suited to your climate. 3 to the frequencies of such events, including those that are one half zone, one full zone, and two full zones beyond the mapped zone. The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is the standard by which gardeners and growers can determine which plants are most likely to thrive at a location.
These areas experienced such large annual fluctuations in the PH statistic that winter conditions for long-lived plants were likely much harsher than in other, less variable regions sharing that zone. The USDA Hardiness Zone Map divides North America into 11 separate planting zones; each growing zone is 10F warmer (or colder) in an average winter than the adjacent zone. The model might locally overestimate survival because the Black Hills have two special climatic characteristics detrimental to woody-plant adaptation, which are unlike the remainder of the north-central United States, where the model was developed (and unlike much of the former nation of Yugoslavia). & Sherk, L.C. The 2007 eastern US spring freeze: Increased cold damage in a warming world? In: J-C. Garnaud (ed.). About | USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map J. U.S. Geological Survey 2006 National elevation dataset. & Lamy, M.P. Get daily tips & tricks to help make your best home, 11 Great Landscaping Plants You Should Know About, How to Grow and Care for Wintercreeper Euonymus. In addition, the new map includes a zip code finder, and we describe how it may be used by governmental agencies for risk management and development of recommended plant lists, by horticultural firms to schedule plant shipments, and by other commercial interests that market products seasonally. Macmillan, New York. Winter injury can limit long-term plant survival and vigor and can reduce production of valuable horticultural products, including flowers, foliage, fruit, and seeds. Meteorol. These are separated into 2.8 C (5 F) half zones, denoted by an a or b. Hardiness-zone maps based on this same general zonation system have been developed for many parts of the world, including Australia (Dawson, 1991), China (Widrlechner, 1997a), Europe (Heinze and Schreiber, 1984), Japan (Hayashi, 1990), southern Africa (Pienaar, 1996), and Ukraine (Widrlechner et al., 2001). Sabuco, J.J. 1989 Floradapt. 2A) results in extremely mild zones that are essentially frost-free in southern Florida (zones 11a and 11b). For the first time, a very sophisticated algorithm . 814 (revised). 3) shows that variability is greatest [>5 C (9 F)] in the intermountain region of the western United States and also in the southeast midwestern United States (Ohio River Valley). Astilbes are a group of flowering plants that are native to Asia and North America. Sunset Books, Menlo Park, CA. RMA requested a searchable, automated connection between plant hardiness zones and zip codes. display: flex;
Garden Guides | How to Grow Blueberry Plants From Seed Sunset Publ., Menlo Park, CA. The PHZM is accessible via an interactive website, which facilitates a wide range of horticultural applications. . 12145W in central California, where patterns of summer heat vary widely because of maritime influences but winter, low temperatures vary little (P value of regression line < 0.32). Burt (2004) provided details of the most extreme example, which was documented in Jan. 1943 in Spearfish and Rapid City. Agriculture Canada 1981 Map of plant hardiness zones in Canada. Tanino (eds.). Are Hardiness Zones Changing? How To Help Gardens Adapt State and local natural resource conservation agencies also consult plant hardiness zones to craft guidelines for recommended trees and landscape plants for specific jurisdictions. Nat. However, it's important to note they do not account for extreme maximum temperatures, so some plants may struggle. There are 11 different gardening zones that are designated on this map. Land Resource Res. In addition to the new PHZM produced from the high-resolution PH-statistic grid, the grid itself is also a valuable tool for horticulture. Attempts to understand the highly variable climate of California on plant adaptation may have been the impetus for the broader, multivariate climatic zonation system developed by Sunset in California, first exclusively for the western United States, but expanded in 1997 to the eastern United States (Sunset, 1997) and, in 2001, to southwestern Canada, Alaska, and Hawaii (Brenzel, 2001). This animation illustrates how the hardiness zones for plants have changed between 1990 and 2006 based on an extensive updating of U.S. Hardiness Zones using data from 5,000 National Climatic Data Center cooperative stations across the continental United States. 2004 valuation de la tolrance de onze genvriers (Juniperus sp.) 6A) from grids of mean annual precipitation (Daly et al., 2008) and potential evapotranspiration (Thornthwaite, 1948). Notably, there are highly significant positive correlations between AHS heat zones (Table 3) and plant hardiness zones in the central and southeastern United States (Fig. Learn tips for creating your most beautiful (and bountiful) garden ever. width: 100%;
To read each map, click on the picture or header to see the full-size map. 33 140 158, Daly, C., Widrlechner, M.P., Halbleib, M.D. 47 339 349. The 45 climate zones of the United States and Canada, p. 1678, In: National garden book. 2001 UConn plant database. Widrlechner, M.P., Hasselkus, E.R., Herman, D.E., Iles, J.K., Pair, J.C., Paparozzi, E.T., Schutzki, R.E. . New features of the PHZM that enable special applications. }. Beyond Traditional Hardiness Zones: Using Climate Envelopes to Map 4). Sunset 2010 Find your U.S. Sunset climate zone. 8 Feb. 2010. Knowledge of the hardiness characteristics of plants is useful for disciplines such as horticulture, agriculture, and silviculture, in which high levels of plant survival and growth are desirable . 87 817 839. Wisniewski, and K.K. Vol. The TRT recommended that a new PHZM incorporates the most recent and accurate meteorological data, applies the most advanced interpolation methods, and focuses only on plant cold hardiness, as measured by the PH statistic. (2012). USDA Zones 6a through 7a are represented in Kentucky. USDA Zones 4a through 5b are represented in Nebraska. Chinese forestry: Relationships worth cultivating, p. 38-47. Iowa State University, Ames, IA. Rev. Generally, nurseries don't bother labeling plants with "a" or "b.". Thornthwaite, C.W. Amer. What Are USDA Plant Hardiness Zones? - Gardening Stuffs 10 192 198, Widrlechner, M.P. . The influence of temperature on dormancy induction and plant survival in woody plants, p. 108118. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. J. 2001 Collecting landscape trees and shrubs in Ukraine for the evaluation of aesthetic quality and adaptation in the north central United States. Mention of commercial brand names does not constitute an endorsement of any product by the USDA or cooperating agencies. The map is available as an interactive GIS-based map, for which a broadband Internet connection is recommended, and as static images for those with slower Internet access. USDA Zones 5a through 11a are represented in South California. 5003. Tanino (eds.). Chilling, freezing, and high temperature stresses. Example Use: A perennial plant labeled "hardy to zone 10" can survive in a minimum temperature of 30F (Zone 10 expects . Clearly, the world's climate is dynamic (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007), and zone boundaries may change in the future, based on modeled relationships between climate change and the occurrence of extreme low-temperature events (Diffenbaugh et al., 2005). 28 2031 2064, Daly, C., Neilson, R.P. In addition, the TRT conducted extensive reviews of draft maps and associated data and provided detailed feedback to the PRISM Climate Group. 2-Silt. <, Environmental analogs in the search for stress-tolerant landscape plants. 1927 Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. 1:16,360,000.) 1980 Responses of plants to environmental stresses. 2003 The USDA plant hardiness zone map, 2003 edition Amer. 10 1/2 77 112, Ouellet, C.E. Meteorol. Locked padlock We thank Peter Bretting, Candice Gardner, William Graves, Rita Hummel, S. Elwynn Taylor, and three anonymous reviewers for providing valuable comments and suggestions for improving the manuscript; Michael Wisniewski for assistance in supplying useful references; and Mike Halbleib for assistance with graphics. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1650-A. J. III. USDA Zones 4b through 10b are represented in Arizona. Plants are typically labeled "hardy to zone X", allowing gardeners to quickly and easily identify which plants are capable of growing in their area. of the 15th Intl. The risk-assessment ability of the updated PHZM is further enhanced when used in conjunction with maps of the 30-year standard deviation in the PH statistic (Fig. aux diverses conditions climatiques du nord-est canadien. PRISM 19762005 map of standard deviation of the plant hardiness statistic for the conterminous United States. Publ. Strong correlations between these two important climatic determinants strengthen the apparent practical value of plant hardiness zones for predicting general plant adaptation. You can then choose plants suggested for that USDA zone. USDA Misc. Synthesis report. Macmillan, New York. (2010), and Vinl et al. Exploiting geographical location information of web pages, p. 9196. Heinze, W. & Schreiber, D. 1984 Eine neue Kartierung der Winterhrtezonen fr Gehlze in Europa Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 75 11 56. 4 and 5 in Daly et al., 2008). Puerto Rico, owing to its location in the relatively warm Caribbean Sea and southern latitude, has the warmest PH values of all the regions mapped. Responses of plants to environmental stresses. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The new USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is more sophisticated and accurate than any other previously developed. USDA Zones 4b through 9b are represented in Oregon. Gusta, M.E. This calculation . Meteorol. False. Site Considerations When Selecting Plants | Home & Garden Information Few published studies systematically compare the utility of the PH statistic to other metrics related to winterhardiness. Comparison of the updated and 1990 Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM) zone temperature ranges. A newly updated, interactive PHZM for the United States and Puerto Rico has recently been produced (Fig. Norton, New York. According to the new PHZM, low winter temperatures here would be expected to be less limiting than in many of Washington's established wine-grape-growing regions. The application features three metrics affecting plant growth and survival: growing degree days, plant hardiness zones and heat zones. 8 Feb. 2010. & Green, T.L. However, further insights can be gained by shifting emphasis away from individual weather events (or even seasons) to longer time frames that document multiple, extreme events on a climatic scale. Vol. Vol. Preliminary efforts to update the 1990 PHZM in 2003 (Ellis, 2003) relied on outdated methodologies, leading to a draft map that was not adopted by USDA-ARS. Brand, M.H. These plants can grow in various climates, including dry conditions, and can tolerate fluctuations in temperature. 1. Mass retailers can also apply a zip code finder to develop targeted lists of plants for sale that are more likely to survive local winter conditions near specific retail outlets. This is also the first USDA PHZM that is specifically designed for the Internet. Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD. The map is based on the average annual minimum winter temperature, divided into 10-degree Fahrenheit zones. Zone 11 was introduced to represent areas with PH > 4.4 C (40 F) that are essentially frost-free. The temperature range at a 2-inch soil depth for optimal top growth of warm-season turfgrasses is: Stations located in mountainous areas were included in large numbers for the first time. USDA Zones 3a through 4b are represented in North Dakota. 1994 Exploring the complexities of plant hardiness Arnoldia 54 3 22 31. 5); lower values are associated with lower risk (Table 4). Climate. USDA Zones 5b through 7a are represented in Rhode Island. This map and subsequent updates using more recent meteorological data appeared in various publications in 1951, 1967, and 1971 (Wyman and Flint, 1985). If you want a shrub, perennial, or tree to survive and grow year after year, the plant . CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Viticult. 1A and B). USDA Zones 4a through 9a are represented in Utah. 2004 Extreme weather: A guide and record book. Crop Improv. Users may also simply type in a ZIP Code and find the hardiness zone for that area. Hort. 90 8 37 39, Deal, D.L. To help develop the new map, USDA and OSU requested that horticultural and climatic experts review the zones in their geographic area, and trial versions of the new map were revised based on their expert input. American Horticultural Society Plant Heat Zones (adapted from Cathey, 1997). Hayashi, Y. Proc. Climatic constraints drive the evolution of low temperature resistance in woody plants. A common method employed to visualize geographic patterns in the severity of low-temperature events is to map a climatological variable that closely correlates with plant survival. Gale Research, Detroit, MI. The link was not copied. 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map, courtesy USDA Agricultural Research Service. For example, zone 6a extends southward along the Appalachian Mountains into northern Georgia, but also extends along the Atlantic coastline as far north as Maine. USDA has classified the entire United States into 13 plant hardiness zones based on their average, annual minimum . 4 Mar. The 1990 version of the PHZM was based on the PH statistic for the United States, Canada, and Mexico (Cathey, 1990; Cathey and Heriteau, 1990). 26 707 721, Daly, C., Gibson, W.P., Taylor, G.H., Johnson, G.L. To read each map, click on the picture or header to see the full-size map. 2). USDA Zones 5b through 8a are represented in Tennessee. 2C and D). . and Ottawa Res. 5D) and with standard deviations equivalent to or lower than those of the Yakima Valley to the south and considerably lower than those found in the Walla Walla Valley (Fig. usda plant hardiness zones are used to identify the adaptation areas Fortunately, for many parts of the United States, hardiness-zone boundaries have shifted relatively little, as evidenced by the 1960 (USDA, 1960), the 1990 (Cathey, 1990), and the recently updated maps, even though the zone boundaries are a function of the extreme weather events in the various years used to create the maps. aux diverses conditions climatiques du nord-est canadien Can. They have expressed interest in zip code-based tools to develop more precise criteria for deciding when to begin marketing or otherwise increase activity by location. 86 787 798, Richer-Leclerc, C., Rioux, J.A., Ct, J. In: J-C. Garnaud (ed.). The bulk of these requests fall into three categories: Requests from governmental agencies. 31 Aug. 2010. As USDA's chief scientific research agency, ARS is leading America towards a better future through agricultural research and information. Find your U.S. Sunset climate zone. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 Clim. rhizomes, roots, tillers, primary shoots, stolons. Macmillan, New York. zonemap : USDA ARS - Agricultural Research Service Methods applied to produce this high-resolution map, its attributes, and key features that enable new applications for horticultural research and management, which were difficult or impossible to perform with the 1990 PHZM, are described in the following sections. First, a general southeast to northwest gradient in predicted percentages of plant survival can be observed, from about 40% survival in the extreme southeast corner of South Dakota to less than 10% in the northwest. Click the image for link to zone map web site. Fibrous root system. Although these zones are too risky for the long-term survival of European wine grapes, vineyard development has recently been increasing near Chelan (Washington Wine Commission, 2010). It plays a key factor in selecting landscape plants for the region. Hort. 1994 Environmental analogs in the search for stress-tolerant landscape plants J. Arboriculture 20 114 119. Below, here's a list of 54 USDA hardiness / growing zone maps for the US states and a selection of territories and districts. 80 631 637, Rioux, J.A., Richer, C. & Lamy, M.P. A 5 C (9 F) standard deviation translates into about a 13% chance (1 year in 7.6 years) that, in any given year, the PH statistic could be at least two half zones colder than the mean, and another 13% chance that it could be at least two half zones warmer (Table 4). These delicate and elegant plants are well-known for their feathery plumes of flowers that burst forth in shades of pink, red, purple, and white. USDA Zones 5b through 7b are represented in Missouri. However, vineyard plantings there have been limited by comparison with other areas in the Pacific northwestern United States, with <5% (about 650 ha) of Washington's wine grape acreage located there (Washington Wine Commission, 2010). Widrlechner, M.P. Studies that thoroughly document the seasonal progression of acclimation and provide graphical representations of the timing of actual or potential injury from low-temperature events at all three stages in the annual cycle include those by McNamara et al. It also includes national, state and regional images in a variety of resolutions, and a ZIP code finder that provides the plant hardiness zone for all U.S. ZIP codes. Comparison of plant hardiness zones mapped for the 11 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas [MSAs (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003)] in the 1960, 1990, and recently revised Plant Hardiness Zone Maps. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. (2008) for a detailed discussion of the Spring 2007 freeze in the eastern and central United States], but such weather events are not repeatable and do not lend themselves to experimentation and hypothesis testing. on Landscape Plants: Exploration, breeding, evaluation, 27-29 June 1996. "The increases in accuracy and detail that this map represents will be extremely useful for gardeners and researchers.". Nature and cause of seed sterility. Floradapt. Plant cold hardiness: From the laboratory to the field. In: L.V. Heinze and Schreiber (1984) presented a comprehensive review of this topic, detailing the history and application of long-term climatological data to relate patterns of woody-plant adaptation to low-temperature injury. These include algorithms that considered for the first time such factors as changes in elevation, nearness to large bodies of water, and position on the terrain, such as valley bottoms and ridge tops. It can be combined with other high-resolution geographic datasets for a broad range of geospatial analyses. Richer, C., Rioux, J.A. Hort. Proc. Notably, the model's highest predicted survival rates (about 60%) also occur in the Black Hills, near Spearfish. Plant List of Attributes, Names, Taxonomy, and Symbols. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Plant Hardiness . J. Enol. Widrlechner, M.P. Plant hardiness zone designations represent the average annual extreme minimum temperatures at a given location during a particular time period. Bioscience 58 253 262. Nonetheless, the 1990 PHZM mapped much of the Walla Walla Valley in a warmer hardiness zone (7a) than were the Columbia and Yakima Valleys (6b) farther to the west (Fig. Washington state's winemaking history. These fluctuations, produced by changes in cold-air drainage and dynamic chinook winds, are among the most extreme in North America.
We expect that it will be rapidly adopted as a research dataset in GIS and spatial analyses and will contribute to more effective planting recommendations, shipping management, and horticultural production. These are an abbreviated growing season, with freezes possible in any month, and rapid, strong fluctuations in winter temperatures (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1980), which, when they occur on both sides of the freezing point, can initiate drastic dehardening and cause winter injury. & Drapeau, R. 1996 Caractrisation du potentiel de rusticit de sept arbustes ornementaux en fonction de l'intensit des dommages hivernaux Can. Rank the following soil particles from smallest to largest. In: S. Cluet and T. Milo (eds.). 1990 Climatic control of vegetation distribution: The role of the water balance Amer. Flora's winter adaptability (a plant hardiness zone map). South Dakota vegetation terms on maps. Match the type of blueberry seeds you plant to the conditions in your garden. Frost and winter protection for grape HortScience 43 1966 1969, Dawson, I. Chilling, freezing, and high temperature stresses. Astilbe. In this case, the best predictor for the CAI of the PH statistic was found to be the 19712000 mean monthly minimum temperature of the coldest month of the year, derived from the official PRISM climate datasets for the USDA (Daly et al., 2008). Horticulturists have long recognized that the accurate prediction of winter injury is a key component of the effective cultivation of long-lived woody and herbaceous perennial plants in many climates. Correlations between updated Plant Hardiness Zones (Table 1; x-axis) and American Horticultural Society (AHS) Heat Zones (Cathey, 1997) (Table 3; y-axis) for three transects. Sunset Books, Menlo Park, CA. 20 77 81, Mills, L.J., Ferguson, J.C. & Keller, M. 2006 Cold hardiness evaluation of grapevine buds and cane tissues Amer. It allows them to refine the timing of plant shipments by location based on delivery zip code, so plants are delivered at an optimal time for a nursery's customers, or for direct sale, in the case of mass retailers. In the interior, temperatures cool with elevation. United States Department of Agriculture. USDA Zones 3a through 7a are represented in Colorado. Acad. USDA Zones 5a through 7b are represented in Pennsylvania. Advances in horticultural science and their applications. Symp. Southern Book Publishers, Halfway House, South Africa. Hardiness Maps. Amer. on Landscape Plants: Exploration, breeding, evaluation, 27-29 June 1996. Congr., Nice, France, 1958. USDA Zones 3b through 6a are represented in New Hampshire. Sunset Publ., Menlo Park, CA. background: #215a64;
Academic Press, New York. J. USDA Zones 6b through 9a are represented in West Texas. In: S. Cluet and T. Milo (eds.). South Dakota maps of the spatial distribution of (A) moisture index (Im); (B) updated Plant Hardiness Zone Map (PHZM); and (C) 10-year survival rate (S0) of woody plants introduced from Yugoslavia to the north-central United States, derived from the regression equation of Widrlechner et al. Plant Hardiness Zones (PHZs) demonstrate the amount of stress plants can undergo from cold temperatures. 1 Feb. 2012. SO survival values > 30% in western South Dakota (Fig. Irvine, R. & Clore, W.J. 1 Feb. 2012. All hardiness zones, except for 1 and 11, are split into two subregions, namely "A" and "B," which are separated . USDA Zones 3b through 5b are represented in South Dakota. 1994 A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain J. Appl. Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States. 81 129 143, McNamara, S. & Pellett, H. 1993 Flower bud hardiness of forsythia cultivars J. Environ. The coldest zone on the map is zone 1 and the . Use . In: Sunset western garden book, new century ed. In 2007, on the basis of its track record as a leader in climatic map development (e.g., Daly, 2006; Daly et al., 1994, 2008), Oregon State University's PRISM Climate Group was tasked by USDA-ARS with developing the updated PHZM. Hort. In Canada, where plant adaptation is typically strongly limited by winter severity, Ouellet and Sherk (1967) determined that geographic variation in plant adaptation was best explained by a multivariate approach involving a wide range of climatic metrics, with emphasis on the PH statistic but also including the frost-free period, summer rainfall, maximum temperature, snow cover and wind (Agriculture Canada, 1981).
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