extraction of carboxylic acid phenol and a neutral compound

k1!k1!4$)mvR7kcUk1`b9`5Vh6hN1[d~2M^o()s.=xEg}DO=i"{Q"qzNMKV5\;8>mkWVfnmUl&bn2]E=,;^OEv:`f{z9D}co0w9THN8k~t;2WKk Re-extract the ether layer with 5 mL of NaOH solution and acid Benzoic acid was around 120 degrees, for Biphenyl was 71 and for 4-tert- butyl-phenol 58. When HCl was added to neutralize the solution, the conjugate base was reprotonated, and the largely insoluble organic acid precipitated out. The application of organic solvents in the separation process has several disadvantages, e.g., toxicity, environmental pollution, low process safety, difficult regeneration of the solvent, and a negative impact on the activity of biochemical substances e.g. Samsung has a new auto-reply app for avoiding distracted driving. 1. Finally, the neutral aromatic hydrocarbon is removed by boiling off the solvent. Once users open Samsung Notes and tap on the scribble icon at the top, theyll see an icon of a pen marked with a golden star in the bottom left corner of the screen. Furthermore, the research progresses of supercritical CO2 extraction technology are summarized, and the prospects for developing a green supercritical CO2 extraction technology are discussed from multiple perspectives, including process, device, influencing factors, mechanism, and application. It uses a mixture of benzoic acid, aniline, anthracene, and phenol. Cross), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Give Me Liberty! Dehydration reactions are important processes to convert alcohols into alkenes. Don't Miss: Answer Calls Automatically Just by Putting Your iPhone Up to Your Ear Now that you can add contacts to your mobile phone, speed dial is a bit obsolete. 314-324, Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, Volume 153, 2020, Article 107926, Separation and Purification Technology, Volume 156, Part 2, 2015, pp. Finally, it's important to note that even if the receiver picks up, AutoRedial will call back when they end the call. On the other hand, a molecular simulation of liquid-liquid extraction generated in COSMO-RS, allowed to validate the experimental results, also indicating that the strong hydrogen bond interactions of [P6,6,6,14][PHOS] and succinic acid were responsible for the excellent values obtained. Recently, the reactive extraction process has received increasing attention as an alternative and effective method of carboxylic acid separation from the fermentation broth [6], [9]. EXPLAIN how a carboxylic acid is separable from a phenol in the extraction experiment. The purity of the product will then be analyzed with infrared spectroscopy, paying attention to OH peak if it is present. The heterogeneous reaction mixture contains 1-hexene, 48% HBr(aq), and tetrabutylammonium bromide and was heated to under reflux conditions. It is concluded that the supercritical reactive extraction process is an efficient method of carboxylic acid separation from aqueous solutions with higher yield, simplicity, and competitiveness than the other separation methods. High amounts of lipophilic wood extractives and minor amounts of solid humin particles were identified in the trioctylphosphine oxide-based solvent. Solved In the extraction of an unknown mixture of two In the extraction of an unknown mixture of two compounds (from the possibilities of a carboxylic acid, a phenol, and a neutral If you used dichloromethane, you would save the bottom layer (MeCl2) and discard the aqueous top layer. There were two pairs in total. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. You can change or remove the screen lock on Samsung Galaxy Note 10+ using below given settings. This dehydrates the acid, making it more reactive so that the addition reaction is possible. carboxylic acid, a phenol, and a neutral substance. yourself, got back three solids. We propose a novel method to remove these impurities using fully recyclable ethanolamines to restore the extraction capacity of the solvent. Maybe Im wrong, but I feel as if not many people know that the iPhone has a redial feature. How do you calculate the ideal gas law constant? Adding this process to existing plants helps to increase process efficiency, maximize plant availability, and represents an important step towards valorization of previously untapped feedstocks for acetic acid production. An environmentally sustainable method to extract phosphatidylcholine (PC) from chicken liver (PCCL) and its functional properties were studied. Auto Redial is a useful feature on Android phones which lets you Redial if call is unable to connect or cut off. mixture of alcohol and a carboxylic acid can be sep . until dry a powder is formed. with Samsung Support. The extracts would have to be removed from the separating funnel with a pipet because the dichloromethane would collect at the base of the separating funnel and the NaHCO3 and NaOH solutions, on top of the dichloromethane. Thus, the effects of pressure, the type of membrane and acids were analyzed on the separation performance by using single acid solutions, and model equations were formed with the help of response surface methodology (RSM) in the case of citric acid, which has the highest rejection ratio. Removal and Extraction of Carboxylic Acids and Non-ionic Heating under reflux means that the reaction mixture is heated at its boiling point so that the reaction can proceed at a faster rate. I have set it to retry every 30 sec, but am not sure if i am First of all, disable autocorrect on your Samsung Note 10 and Samsung Note 10+. Because of the drawbacks of organic solvent application and requirements of Green Chemistry, in recent years, the elimination of organic solvents from industrial processes and their substitution with supercritical fluids, particularly, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), have been intensively investigated. This makes sure you don't accidentally use redial to call a wrong person. WebChemistry questions and answers. . Lab 1 Report- Separation of Carboxylic Acid, Phenol, and Neutral Substance, Abstract: Both react with #"NaOH"#, but only benzoic acid is acidic enough to react with the weaker base #"NaHCO"_3#. Nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were used for the separation of acid solutions. Extraction is one of the oldest and most popular techniques used by humans 100. ether was added in test tube 1 then mixed to be dissolved. 7) Dry the isolated compounds and measure their masses To obtain the succinic acid /water selectivity, the water concentration in the IL phase was calculated using Karl Fischer titration. In Table 1, the KD values for the physical extraction of carboxylic acids by using various organic solvents are, The reactive extraction process of carboxylic acids using organic solvents is widely described in literature. Similarly, NaOH deprotonated the organic acid to form a polar water soluble conjugate base. RCOOH + NaOH (aq) RCOO - Na + (aq) + HOH (1) The original carboxylic acid can be retrieved from the aqueous layer by simply neutralizing the base with HCl (aq) and reforming the carboxylic acid (eq 2). A round bottom flask was attached to a water condenser to prevent any product from boiling and evaporating out during the heating process. By analyzing valuable metal extraction from solid waste and supercritical CO2 technology in detail, this paper provides useful theoretical support for effectively utilizing the resources in solid waste and developing potential resources in rare and precious metals. Simple Redial; Simple Redial NC "Simple Redial" app will redial the last called number after showing you the number and asking for confirmation. Btun>VLM+6\FU |s|Yq@Z1JU-"K In the extraction of an unknown mixture of two compounds (from Use of toxic diluent is harmful for producing caproic acid from fermentation unit. An ether solvent Reflux continued for 45 minutes without allowing reactants to evaporate so that alkyl bromide and salt layers could form; afterwards, flask was removed from heat and condenser cooled and drained. Supplement to organic chemistry I - laboratory: Chem 241: to accompany Kenneth L. August 12, 2011 : Anything changed about this feature or lack thereof? Webcarboxylic acid. Acids Just ask any radio station that holds a viral call-in contest. Physical and reactive extraction for carboxylic acid separation is reviewed. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. The pouches would be activated and placed into cups of water and the temperatures of the water would be recorded at intervals. :N8`['_]_cpH#^y%[]Ipe]n Sp+~y,hPx?DNkSH%p%}858- A further increase in the initial concentration ratio of LA to PA in two-acid solution results in reduced KD values for the latter. Another is not drawing out the aqueous and Mining companies must evaluate samples of rock to determine the percent copper which would provide the most and the purest copper for production of everyday, The purpose of this experiment was to identify given Unknown White Compound by conducting various test and learning how to use lab techniques. Each crude compound was purified by recrystallization, resulting in a carboxylic acid (RCO2H) and a pure organic compound (RZ). Residual amine was eliminated from the purified organic phase through washing with water or diluted acid. with Samsung Support. This is achieved by adding very dilute ammonia solution drop by drop while shaking the solution. Then an In general, the extractability of carboxylic acids by organic solvents is low, which results in low values of KD and efficiency of physical extraction. In this experiment, extraction was used as a separation technique to separate the acid, base, and neutral compounds. >$qWEdtFZ])h6kCh^z)d;3?~, ?W7q;7uzG3f2yf2@@2o9ZYQ@b?7h{CXCsL?}\2T -]\.m*bV!1BGJt9UI9~9l%8L/C/zeFEuMy^+"sJSAfnU sI{*0{J$!Ah)YTfs=S7 It led to consider green and non-toxic diluents: sunflower and soybean oils in the current study along with tributyl phosphate (TBP) as the reactive extractant. In this tutorial, I will show you the methods to hard reset Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1. When we compare these values with those of comparable alcohols, such as ethanol (pK a = 16) and 2-methyl-2-propanol (pK a = 19), it is clear that carboxylic acids are stronger acids by over ten powers of ten! With single-stage extraction, approximately 40% of the acetic acid (AA) is preferentially and selectively recovered from the aqueous three-acid solution using 0.1M trioctylamine (TOA) in 1-octanol. SCC252 Lab 1 - lab report - Rudeen Nunes SCC 3/15/ Lab 1 The Note 10 Plus has a lot more going for it than just looks. Chemical equilibrium studies were conducted using various concentrations of the extractant. WebThe ranges for the acid, base, and neutral components respectively were: 119-122C, 84-90C, and 81-92C. WebSeparating Acids and Neutral Compounds by Solvent Extraction Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to use solvent extraction techniques in order to separate was used to dissolve a specific amount of the mixture. Intro: As a result of the experimental studies carried out, very high rejection values (max. Neutral FeCl3 to calculate and determine the percentage recovery using the formula. After this the organic layer of benzoic acid appeared. Samsung Galaxy Note 10 Lite automatic call recording settings: Learn here how to set automatic call recording in Samsung Galaxy Note 10 Lite smartphone Tap on it and set Window animation scale, Its definitely worth checking in Settings > Call > More settings > Auto redial. Separation of a Carboxylic Acid, a Phenol, and a Neutral Compound, In this experiment the objective was to separate three organic solids from a mixture by. 177-185, Separation and Purification Technology, Volume 197, 2018, pp. If you cancel Continuous Redial, you will hear this message: You have canceled your request. This was probably caused by limited but repeating contact between organic phase and fermentation broth via the membrane interface. The crystals were then filtered out using a piece of cotton with a glass funnel, which ideally trapped and removed all sodium sulfate. device to determine the melting point. was used to dissolve a specific amount of the mixture. jln#e=G =k-bd Acid/Base Extrtaction Flow Chart Acid / Phenol / Neutral Extract with bicarbonate Organic layer Phenol / neutral compounds aqueous layer Sodium salt of the acid Extract with NaOH Organic layer Neutral compound aqueous layer Sodium salt of the phenol neutralization Evaporate solvent neutralization Neutral Compound Phenol Acid This is concept is based on several physical properties of the compounds, such as boiling point, melting points and solubility. The competition with the other acid(s) for ion pair formation and its marked hydrophilicity hinders the extraction of LA from multiple acid solutions. 98.36%) were obtained and it was seen that the carboxylic acids were successfully separated from the aqueous media. Experiments were performed by using different initial acid concentrations (515% w.) at 10, 20, 30bar and 20C. was added to the tube with the mixture and the ether. Taguchi mixed design multivariate approach (L18) was used to optimize the process variables. Black liquor, a side stream of the kraft pulping process, contains valuable low molecular weight carboxylic acids and carbohydrates. The system for the physical extraction of a carboxylic acid consists of two immiscible phases, namely the stationary phase (aqueous phase) and the transport phase (organic solvent or supercritical fluid). I had auto restart set for sunday only, so today I turned it off, so we will see tonight if there was an issue with that feature. During the cooler seasons, Virginia gets very cold and thus, the people living in Virginia also get cold. The students were also able to apply the information to the theoretical value of copper in malachite to determine the percent error of the mineral mass percent. Juan Garzon/CNET Samsung's Galaxy Note 10 Plus is a stellar device (we're currently reviewing the smaller Note 10). However, one of the biggest challenges in the bioproduction of this acid is the extraction and purification process. : an American History, ECO 201 - Chapter 5 Elasticity and Its Applications. Please hang up now. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. The conjugate, The two solvents were added to the funnel, and the funnel was capped and the stopcock was closed to avoid spilling of solution. Results obtained from model were found to be close to experimental data. TOA was found more effective than D2EHPA for the recovery of protocatechuic acid having 5.39 as maximum distribution coefficient and 84.36% efficiency at 0.01molL1 and 1.1437molL1 concentration of protocatechuic acid and TOA respectively. Benzoic acid is a much stronger acid than phenol. Sodium sulphate was then added to each beaker to dry the liquid by getting rid of any remaining water from the solution. Flask was put into electric flask heater clamped securely to a condenser. Correct Answer: hI, how does auto retry feature work with Samsung Intensity 2 phone? These ranges are in accordance with the literature melting point temperatures for the acid, base, and neutral respectively of: 122C, 89C, and 84C. ether was added in test tube 1 then mixed to be dissolved. Locate the auto redial function for your phone. 8) Measure the melting point of each compound and compare to literature value. Carboxylic Acids Experiment 3: Extraction: Separation of an Acidic, a In case you forget your PIN or password, only Samsungs find my mobile can unlock the phone remotely without reset the phone. Water was then added to tube 1 then the The powder of Inula racemosawas extracted three times under the following conditions: the ratio of material to solvent was 10:1, undergoing ultrasonic treatment 30 minutes at 25 C, 100kHz /450W.31. This method will allow the separation of impurities. nK(|MFJq}p0vZxjwVh9(\U(qDIlsFyd:d(yK`x9YJ3l>c&/,pS7VV\Q+Mv;kC; FHZv,^ joKIo,7}'ls)%7+t8rF6'3=Xp^h,XSB_hJ_'hqunw!PXP&"4&&wt&PC0R1Sbb)8 Acsl. WebIntroduction: Acid/base liquid/liquid extraction involves carrying out simple acid/base reactions toseparate strong organic acids, weak organic acids, neutral organic compounds, and basic organic substances. [This post is in response to previously started thread: how does auto retry work-- have to stay ON the call? ] Solubility and emulsifying properties of PCCL showed that the HLB value of PCCL was 10, and in ethanol and glycerol, the solubility of PCCL was 0.5850 g/mL and 0.0965 g/mL, respectively, which was shown to have good ethanol solubility and lipophilicity. The test used to detect carboxylic acid is called neutral F e C l X 3 test. This review covers the current state-of-art application of both organic solvents and supercritical fluids in the recovery of carboxylic acids from aqueous solutions. Identification of the compound can always be identified by melting point. Within these frameworks, this review comprehensively explored the thermochemical and biological conversion of bamboo biomass to value-added fuels and chemicals. FAQ for Samsung Mobile Phone. Membrane based reactive extraction (MBRE) was evaluated for the recovery of these acids from a fermentor in which a mixed culture is converting biorefinery wastewater to carboxylates. It is based the following principles: The aniline is basic, so it is removed by HCl and then recovered. WebLab 1 Report- Separation of Carboxylic Acid, Phenol, and Neutral Substance. May 28, 2014: As I noted here, Samsung Galaxy S5 does support auto redial. WebIn this experiment, extraction was used as a separation technique to separate the acid, base, and neutral compounds. WebIn this experiment you will use extraction techniques to separate a mixture of an organic acid, a base, and a neutral compound. If you need to call someone back in a hurry, don't bother redialing the number. Then filter the contents of tube 3 Many people don't realize much better audio can sound on their phones. The funnel was then turned over several times for several minutes to let the aqueous and organic layer make contact by increasing surface area of reaction. Busy phone lines are nothing new. Our smartphones and tablets stay on and in use for many days at a stretch, with usually only a Galaxy Note10 screen wont auto rotate fix #6: Clear cache partition. Hydrothermal treatment and wet oxidation of black liquor with a dry matter content of 43% were investigated as an approach to convert these carbohydrates to carboxylic acids to increase their concentration. An acid with a low pKa will react more redily. Is a process that selectively dissolves one or more of the mixture compounds into an appropriate solvent. Read your phone manual to see if this is a feature built into your phone, as not all phones have this feature. We will analyze Benzoic Acid as it is dissolved and recrystallized in water and in a solvent of Methanol and water. converting them to and from ions and dissolving them in ionic solvents. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. In this experiment, 0.386 g of o-vanillin and 0.276 g of p-toluidine were mixed into an Erlenmeyer flask. Williamson and Katherine M. Masters, "Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments", 6th Click here to check Samsung Note 10 pluss S pen tips and tricks that added new Air action gestures. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. The coefficient of distribution was found to be very low in physical equilibrium. + CI RCOO HCI Carboxylate pk, =-7 water-soluble RCOOH + CI Carboxylic acid, pk, - 4. precipitates H20 HCI + C. Pho Phenoxide water-soluble pk =-7 PhOH Phenol, pk= 10, precipitates Figure 3 Reactions of Carboxylate and Phenoxide lons with HCI. Acid WebThe purpose of the lab was to separate the neutral compounds (impurities) from the carboxylic acids, recover them, and identify them. -Extraction is pulling the desired compound out of a mixture of compounds. Overall, the experiment was successful as the acid (benzoic), base (5-chloro-2- methoxyaniline) and neutral (biphenyl) compounds were correctly identified. WebTo isolate an acid, base, and a neutral compound by using a liquid-liquid extraction technique. It forms a complex with HBr and extracts it from the aqueous phase into the organic phase where the alkene is. 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. You are separating a base, a neutral compound, a medium strength acid, and a very weak acid. In Table 4, Economic aspect of the high pressure processes plays a very important role and decides about industrial applications. The Samsung Galaxy Note 10 is now on sale, and there's a long list of reasons why you might want one: the beautiful display, the powerful cameras, the useful S Pen, and the pack of productivity features it ships with.One such feature is the enhanced video editor found in the gallery. Find more about 'How to Turn on/off Auto rotate in Samsung smartphones?' In the future, solvents will be designed to control processes rather than the processes. Extraction of carboxylic acids with neutral extractants 4) Isolate p-toulic acid by adding HCl solution to the aqueous NaHCO3 layer I am still using the first iPhone (yup, doesnt even update anymore, and the fake GPS map doesnt even work). A method of separating liquids in a mixture using their solubilities in immiscible solvents. To identify such impurities and quantify the extent of their negative influence on the extraction efficiency, a solvent of an existing acetic acid biorefinery was analyzed. The same procedure was performed with the WebAim The purpose of this lab was to separate a mixture of carboxylic acid (p- toluic acid), a phenol (p-tert-butylphenol) and a neutral compound (acetanilide) using solvent Even more than half of the cost of producing carboxylic acids by fermentation is associated with downstream processing [5]. WebThe carboxylate ion would use a pair of electrons to bind to a proton, and the compound would become a neutral (as in uncharged) carboxylic acid again. The liquid-liquid extraction was carried out using hydrophobic phosphonium-based ionic liquids as extractants, for a 1:1 phase-volume ratio during 24 h at two different temperatures (298.15 K and 310.15 K) measuring the differences in the concentration of succinic acid and glycerol in the aqueous feed phase after 24 h to quantify the extraction percentage and, the succinic acid / glycerol selectivity. What changes in the procedure would you make in view of the fact that dichloromethane is more dense than water. The compound then will be synthesized with the compounds Na2CO3 and HC2H3O2 to find percent yield. when the ether has evaporated a small amount of oil will remain. Separation of a Carboxylic Acid, a Phenol, and a Neutral Substance Napthalene Experimental Procedure Add 1 gram of Naphthalene and Benzoic Acid Add Recovery of levulinic acid from an aqueous solution using a tertiary amine, tri-n-octylamine (TOA), as an extractant in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) was studied at different temperatures (293333K). What happened? In extraction, two immiscible solvents with different polarities are used to dissolve and separate different solute components, so they form two distinct liquid layers. The in-line experiments confirmed the selective and near complete extraction of carboxylates with longer chain length. E28 EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (bottom layer) layer then placed into test tube 3. Lab Report P Toluic Acid And P-Butylphenol Extraction The experiments were carried out on a pilot scale membrane unit allowing the use of membranes with a surface area of 140cm2. Enable Automatic Redial. Ether solution with aqueous NaOH nothing much difference will come, And you can see the layer separation. by checking the melting point. it was cooled in ice. 1mL of aqueous sodium hydroxide was then added to tube 1 In th is experiment , a mixture of a carboxylic acid and a neutral compound (an organic compound with no appreciably acidic protons) will be separated The purpose of this experiment was to determine the mass percent Cu2+ in a mineral sample (Malachite), and a rock sample (copper ore). of approximated the same mass in Whether you're in a movie theater, driving, or just want to temporarily unplug from the grid, you need to ignore or completely silence your phone. Set the number, and the time between calls, and let your phone dial automatically for you. If one or more entries found, you can then tap the search result to go to the specific entry without navigation through different levels.. 2. Business Environment Applications I: Business Structures and Legal Environment (D078), Management Information Systems and Technology (BUS 5114), Ethics and Social Responsibility (PHIL 1404), Healthcare Strategic Management and Policy (HCM415), Financial Statement Analysis/Business Valuation (ACC345), Fundamentals of Biology: Cellular and Organ Physiology (BIO 203), Managing Organizations and Leading People (C200 Task 1), Professional Application in Service Learning I (LDR-461), Advanced Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions (NUR 4904), Principles Of Environmental Science (ENV 100), Operating Systems 2 (proctored course) (CS 3307), Comparative Programming Languages (CS 4402), Business Core Capstone: An Integrated Application (D083), TB-Chapter 21 Peripheral Vascular System and Lymphatic System, Chapter 3 - Summary Give Me Liberty! The Diels alder reaction has to be heated slowly to 60-70 degrees Celsius because if it is heated too quickly and the temperature gets too high the 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene will boil. Supercritical CO2 is a recommended solvent for use in the reactive extraction of carboxylic acids because of its environmentally benign, non-toxic, non-flammable, non-polluting and recoverable characteristics. The separation of mixtures compounds to give pure components is of great importance in chemistry and in specific in organic chemistry. WebAn organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. HCl was now added to tubes 2 and 3. We showed that lipophilic wood extractives can contaminate organic solvents and severely impair their acetic acid extraction efficiency. The highest coefficient of distribution (KD) and efficiency of extraction (%E) were found to be 58.0 and 98.0% respectively for 0.1kmolm3 of levulinic acid and 0.678kmolm3 of TOA at 293K. Who are, In what order (from top to bottom) would you expect to find naphthalene, butyric acid, and phenyl acetate on a silica gel TLC plate developed with dichloromethane? So if you want to minimize that effect, either set a confirmation prompt or disable "User Not Picking Redial." On one of my old Samsung phones, I could set up auto-reply to text messages."I'm in the movies right now, text you later" or "I'm in a meeting and can't reply" but I don't see how to set that up on my Note 9. chemistry. WebUse solvet extraction technique to separate a mixture consisting of a carboxylic acid, a phenol, and a neutral compound. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 2023, Separation and Purification Technology, Separation and Purification Technology, Volume 207, 2018, pp. This observation is in accordance with other reactive extraction systems in the literature, where the extraction efficiency decreases with an increase in temperature [15]. Five ethanolamine derivatives were screened as aqueous back-extraction solvents and the influence of the extraction parameters (amine concentration and temperature) and of multiple extraction stages was investigated. Overall, the current review establishes a zero-waste suastainable approachs for the reformation of bamboo biomass into chemicals, biofuels, and value-added products.

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