side effect of justicia carnea

READ ALSO: How long does it take for Aju mbaise to work. degree in Biochemistry from Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-iwoye, and University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria respectively. Ewe eje can increase blood count and volume. 2008; 10:2. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. The leaves of justicia carnea possess high content of iron and vitamin C. This compounds may be responsible for the blood boosting property of ewe eje leaves. In traditional medicine, justicia carnea is used in treating hepatitis. The effects of ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf on total protein concentration and antioxidant system in liver and kidney of normal wistar rat is presented in Table 4. Deleting this collection CANNOT be undone. Control treatment showed normal central venules without congestion, the morphology of the hepatocytes appear normal, the sinusoids appear normal with no observable form of infiltration and no observable pathological lesion seen. Vitamin B aids in the formation of red blood cells and helps to build tissues. Correspondence to Ewe eje isnt capable of causing any side or negative effects if consumed moderately. (2017). 1958;25(1):192205. Decoction of ewe eje or its leaf extract can lower serum cholesterol and get rid of bad cholesterol (LDL). The plant is transplanted in the spring. The concentration of reduced glutathione content of the tissues was estimated according to Sedlak and Lindsay [19] method. OTHER NAME(S): Achille Millefeuille, Achille Mille-Feuille, Ana. The present study investigated the antioxidant and in vitro antidiabetic capacities of Justicia carnea aqueous leaf extract (JCAE) using -amylase inhibition model. Justicia pectoralis seems to have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. We'll respect your privacy and unsubscribe at any time. Justicia pectoralis is a flowering herb that grows in tropical areas of the Americas, including South and Central America. The resultant liquid would turn crimson red. The cuttings are taken from the parent plant in the spring after the plant has bloomed. It is commonly referred to as blood root, blood booster, ewe eje in Yoruba, Ogwu obara in Igbo, and jacobinia in Brazil and south America.The plant, which is usually green in color and produces pink flowers, belongs to the family of Acanthaceae. Justicia carnea (Brazilian Plume) is an upright, evergreen shrub with large, dark green leaves, 10 in. Extraction was carried out by maceration (72h) following the method of Onoagbe et al., [13]. Stover PJ, Caudill MA. Blooming from early summer to fall, the flowers are attractive to hummingbirds and butterflies. Check these Great Plant Combination Ideas with Justicia, Eye-Catching Retaining Walls and Staircases, An Eye-Catching Mediterranean Garden with Agave, Aloe and Pincushion, A Striking Water-Wise Border with Agave, Cactus and Ocotillo, A Beautiful Duo with Agave 'Blue Flame' and 'Blue Glow', A Long-Lasting Summer Garden Idea with Marigold and Sage, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, H1, H2. 1978;52:30210. Antioxidants & redox signaling Forum Review. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review. J Nat Prod 1988;51(4):804-805. Parameter that were determined include total haemoglobin concentration (HGB), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cell count (WBC), Lymphocyte count (LYM), MID sized cell (MID), Granulocyte Count (GRM) and platelet count (PLT). In sub-acute toxicity study, total of thirty (30) rats were randomized into six groups of five rats per group: Group 1 served as control and was administered with 1ml of distilled water (dH2O). It also increases good cholesterol levels. The Hematological system and antioxidant status of rats following 14days of sub-acute exposure tolerated the ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf. We currently have no information for JUSTICIA PECTORALIS overview. Keep an eye out for glasshouse red spider mite and glasshouse whitefly. Due to the local availability, easy access and relatively low cost, medicinal plants are gaining attentions in health care programmes. In an acute exposure of experimental rats to single oral doses of extract, no mortality and signs of adverse effects were observed. I do hope that after reading through this article, you would plan to start cultivating this amazing plant specie in your garden. The results of this study suggests that ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf is relatively safe, could be beneficial in alleviating hematology related abnormalities without causing adverse effects on endogenous antioxidant system. The appropriate dose of Justicia pectoralis depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. Mapanga RF, Musabayane CT. 2016;4(1):5360. The cuttings should be placed in individuals pots and put under glass or shaded location, away from direct sunlight. Justicia carnea needs bright, indirect light to thrive. These compounds beyond boosting your blood concentration, thereby enhancing the transport of nutrients to various parts of the body, also boost your immune system against several infectious diseases. PubMed Oral acute toxicity study on J. carnea ethanol extract (JCEE) was carried out according to Lorke [15] method using the total of twelve (12) albino rats in two phases. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom 1988;15(8):413-417. Niger J Physiol Sci. Nunes TRS, Cordeiro MF, Beserra FG, et al. The plume flowers grow atop a crown of foliage in large dense clusters. In some areas, the plant may tolerate temperatures as low as 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 C). Estimation of total, protein-bound, and non-protein sulfhydryl groups in tissues with Ellmans reagent. In the winter, temperatures between 60 64 degrees Fahrenheit (15 18 C) are ideal. Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Justicia Betonica. Fresh leaves of Justicia carnea were collected from Okitipupa area Ondo State. It is very rich in iron, a major component is RBC hemoglobin. Justicia carnea does not cause miscarriage or congenital birth defects. No. Justicia carnea and Cnidoscolus aconitifolius were tested for their capacity to ameliorate the fecundity of chloramphenicol-induced lymphoma in rats. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 17.0 and results were expressed as meanSEM. (2020). 2007;112(1):13844. There are several nutritional benefits of justicia carnea leaves. Mean lethal dose of the extract was found to be above 5000mg/kg body weight (bw). Clin Phytosci 2019; 5:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-019-0104-4. BMC Complem Altern Med. 400). The reference cuvette contained 2.95ml buffer, 0.03ml of substrate (epinephrine) and 0.02ml of water. Google Scholar. Liver and kidney in all treated groups maintained similar activities of catalase (CAT) compared to the control. The ability of glutathione to regenerate these dietary antioxidants has been linked to the redox state of glutathione disulphide-glutathione couple (GSSG/GSH) ratio [31]. Recently, it has also been reported that the species possess cardioprotective properties, antioxidant and are generally rich in vitamins and minerals [10,11,12]. It has been shown also that other specie of justicia improve central nervous system functions and health and protect it from toxic damages. Ewe eje is an age-old herb medically proven to act as a blood tonic which can be attributed to its nutritional composition. This suggested that the extract did not alter tissue function in converting harmful hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Influence of ethanolic extracts of dried fruit of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. The weight of organs (liver and kidney) reduced steadily in a concentration dependent manner. Use liquid fertilizers, slow-release or granulated formulas. Also observed is a distortion in the walls of the blood vessels (red arrow), pyknotic hepatocytes and signs of inflammation (red arrow), Photomicrographs of kidney sections stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (Mag. Colorimetric assay of catalase. This could possibly indicate SOD stimulating effects of J. carnea leaf ethanol extract. The results of effect of methanol leaf extract of Justicia carnea on albumin and total protein concentrations in CCl 4-intoxicated rats shown as in Table 2 showed that there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in serum albumin and total protein concentrations . Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were elevated across all doses in the liver with significant (p<0.05) difference only observed in the highest dose (1200mg/kg) while kidney showed no significant difference compared to the control. The possible anti-anaemic property of the leaf could be linked to the improved hemoglobin, PCV and RBC observed in this study. In the kidney, SOD and MDA level were indistinguishable compared to the control except SOD level in rats that received 800mg/kg JCEE that reduced significantly (p<0.05). Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 19(12), 2144221461. All rights reserved. J Am Diet Assoc. The leaves were able to greatly lower the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, but increased the serum level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. if you add justicia carnea leaves in avocado seed tea, you may just get yourself the best remedy for cardiovascular diseases. In recent time, copious attention has been focused on the use of medicinal plants in the management and treatment of ailments such as anemia, diabetes and malaria. [1] The perennial plant is native to the Atlantic Forest ecoregions of eastern Brazil . This study investigated the in-vitro antioxidant activity of ethanol leaf extract of Justicia carnea and its effect on antioxidant status of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. This requires more attention to properly document the various health benefits of justicia carnea. Haematoxic effects following ingestion of Nigerian crude oil and crude oil polluted shellfish by rats. He is a research assistant in the Biochemistry Unit of the same Department. Too much fertilizer is damaging for your plant. Cardioprotective role of Justicia traquebareinsis Linn. Therapeutic Research Faculty 2020. The liver histopathological examination of the groups treated with J. carnea ethanol extract (JCEE) leaf showed normal liver architecture with slight abnormalities (such as mild fat congestion and hemorrhage) in the central venules of groups that received high doses. 2012;9(1):817 https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v9i1.12. It is also composed of vitamins and minerals good for heart health. 3 . One of the symptoms of diabetes is elevated blood glucose level. Studies have shown that ewe eje contains antioxidant and cardio-protective properties. Medapa S, Singh GRJ, Ravikumar V. The phytochemical and antioxidant screening of Justicia wynaadensis. It results from one or more of the following events: loss of red blood cells (RBCs), reduction in the production of RBCs, increased destruction of RBCs, and shorter life span of RBCs (McEvoy, 2013). Anthonia OC, Ikechukwu UR, Uzoma NO, Sunday ELU. The flowering Justicia plant is a perennial native to the Atlantic Forest eco-regions in eastern Brazil. Cassani, J., Dorantes-Barrn, A. M., Novales, L. M., Real, G. A., & Estrada-Reyes, R. (2014). As for light exposure, keep the plant away from the full sun. View abstract. Part shade is the ideal growing condition for Brazilian plumes. Inflammation is a complex biological response of body's tissue to harmful stimuli like infections, toxins and itself. 1972;47:38994. Effects of kolaviron on hepatic oxidative stress in streptozotocin induced diabetes. 32 years old (Greco et al., 1974), long-term treatment side effects are becoming more critical. Biochem Pharmacol. Having discussed the nutritional benefits of ewe eje, i shall now take you through the various health benefits of justicia carnea leaves, and roots. The kidney of rats treated with doses of J. carnea ethanol extract revealed dose dependent degree of renal injury (Fig. By using this website, you agree to our PubMed The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf assessing the hematology indices, organ antioxidant system and histology in healthy male wistar rats. The result of hematology indices is presented in Table3. At the end of 14th day of administration, rats were allowed to fast overnight, sacrificed to collect samples for biochemical analysis and histopathological examination. 2018;2018:5762368. Wash the Justicia carnea leaves thoroughly to eliminate all forms of insects and dust. Saunders; 1995. p. 26873. These animals were obtained from the animal house of the Department of Chemical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso Oyo State, Nigeria. CAS J Ethnopharmacol 1985;13(1):3-49. You can add the leaves and water altogether in a pot and allow to boil till the water turns red. The absorbance of the supernatant was measured against reagent blank at 532nm. hindawi publishing corporation evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. Lorke D. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. The absorbance was read at 412nm against the reagent blank. This may be because of its hepatoprotective activity. 10.9734/ijbcrr/2020/v29i630194. Organic extract of Justicia pectoralis Jacq. In a reaction mixture containing 0.01M phosphate buffer (pH7.0), 0.5ml of 0.2M H2O2 and 0.4ml distilled water, 0.5ml of sample was added. The authors acknowledge the Director and staff of Peak Health Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, for the technical support and interpretation of the histology. The Portal triad (blue arrow) composed of the hepatic vein and artery as well as the bile duct (PT), the well distributed hepatocytes (H) (yellow arrow) and hepatic sinusoids (black arrow) are demonstrated across study groups. Ewe eje or Ewe ajeri is known by the Igbo tribe as Ogwu obara. Paes-Leme AA, Motta ES, De Mattos JCP. Aim. 2017;16(2):21730 https://doi.org/10.17306/J.AFS.2017.0492. Treatments of all experimental animals were performed following Principle of Laboratory Animal Care manual guidebook of National Institute of Health as approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State. Names of Justicia Betonica in various languages of the world are also given. J. Appl. Ethanol extracts of J. carnea leaf increased RBC, hemoglobin and platelet with significant increase (p<0.05) in groups that received higher dose (>500mg/kg b.w) of extract compared to the control. After 72h of soaking, the wine (dark purplish red) colored filtrate was filtered using a double cheese cloth, concentrated under reduced pressure using rotary evaporator and subsequently water bath at 40C to obtain a slurry (dark purple) extract termed Justicia carnea ethanol extract (JCEE). As a consequence, depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) either by removal from the cell or oxidation to GSSG could eventually lead to mild oxidative stress in cells and tissues [33, 34]. Ewe eje is a rich source of phytochemicals, minerals and vitamins. Lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) according to the method described by Buege and Aust [20]. The plants cannot be propagated with seeds. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you. Akintimehin is a lecturer in the Biochemistry unit of Chemical Sciences Department, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria. Relative to control, lymphocyte and granulocyte exhibited no significant difference in all doses while MID was elevated in treated groups with significant increase in rats administered with 500 and 800mg/kg body weight. Venancio, E. T., Rocha, N. F., Rios, E. R., Feitosa, M. L., Linhares, M. I., Melo, F. H., Matias, M. S., Fonseca, F. N., Sousa, F. C., Leal, L. K., and Fonteles, M. M. Anxiolytic-like effects of standardized extract of Justicia pectoralis (SEJP) in mice: Involvement of GABA/benzodiazepine in receptor. Summer temperatures above 77 degrees Fahrenheit (25 C) are perfect. The unique flower clusters and bright coloring has made it a popular choice among landscape artists and amateur gardeners as well. One of the oldest known plant is the fig tree. The perennial plant puts on a never-ending show of radiant flowers from early spring to fall. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The plant possess several bioactive compounds like polyphenols, which act as antioxidants or anti-inflammatory compounds. Ogwu obara can act as a blood tonic for women during menstruation. Justicia carnea [jus-TEE-see-ah, KAR-nee-uh] is popularly known as the Brazilian Plume Flower. The lush foliage and distinctive flowers make Brazilian Plume a natural for a tropical garden. Springer Nature. These compositions (metabolites and nutrients) are all responsible for the medicinal value and the health benefits of Justicia carnea. This is why you should avoid potting them if you live in colder areas. The Pros and Cons of Creatine You Should Know. However, the mechanism by which phytochemicals act as prooxidants in-vivo is still under investigation [25]. While vitamin A maintains good vision, vitamin B are good for cellular functions such as metabolisms and energy production, and improve brain functioning. The species Justicia secunda Vahl belongs to the family - Acanthaceae - together with up to 600 other shrubs and herbs species. For some, the boiling method is preferred while for others, soaking in hot water is more convenient. Becoming a contributing member of Gardenia is easy and can be done in just a few minutes. Hepatic and renal damage has been recently linked with the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of various diseases [5, 6]. The findings show that ethanol extracts of Costus afer and Justicia carnea could operate as main antioxidants and free radical scavengers. Superoxide dismutase was carried out using the method of Sun and Zigma [18]. This amazing, Coriander seeds as well as the leaves are widely used as spices in flavoring foods and drinks, and, Cashew leaves: health benefits and side effects of Anacardium occidentale, Fig leaves tea: Amazing benefits and best recipes, Negro pepper: 12 health benefits of uda seed and side effects. Ewe eje as a Natural Blood booster/tonic: Due to the high concentration of iron in this leaf, it can help boost blood production by increasing the red blood cells, haemoglobin, and the blood platelets. He has B.Sc.,and M.Sc. Ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf elevated red blood cell, hemoglobin, packed cell volume and platelet count with significant increase at higher doses of extracts compared to the control. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of J. carnea leaf extract on hematology indices and organ antioxidant system in healthy wistar rats. 2011;5(9):48992 https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJPS/article-full-text-pdf/6AA410310867. It is not. Hence, Justicia carnea can be used to strengthen the immune system. These antibodies help prevent infections and fight off diseases. One of the side-effects of some orthodox drugs used in the past had been excessive inhibition of the carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, which in turn leads to abdominal discomfort and. Sample (or standard solution) (0.01ml) was mixed with diluted (1:4v/v distilled water) biuret reagent (100mM sodium hydroxide, 16mM sodium-potassium tartrate, 15mM potassium iodide and 6mM copper sulphate). Not sure which Justicia to pick?Compare All Justicia. It does not tolerate low temperatures at all. However, watch out for nematodes and spider mites. Rich, well-drained soil retaining ample moisture is the perfect home for Brazilian plume flowers. Once the roots have established, adjust watering to three to five days apart. Water your plants deeply during growth periods, allowing the soil to dry . This is in agreement with study of Anthonia et al., [21] who obtained LD50 above 5000mg/kg for aqueous extracts of J. carnea leaf. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2015;6(7):265270. It also can be used in combination with other vegetables such as the Efinrin (scent leaves), ugwu etc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.02.011. Despite the therapeutic importance of medicinal plants, toxic substances have been shown to be present in large numbers of plants investigated [3]. It is nicknamed the Blood leaf, Blood of Jesus, and Jehovah Witness leaf in Nigeria, and is a widely used leaf across states in Nigeria. Onyeabo, Chimaraoke & Achi, Ngozi & Chima, Ekeleme-Egedigwe & Ebere, Chidinma & Okoro, Chidinma. Decreased white blood cell count was obtained in this report, the level of lymphocyte and granulocyte was not altered by the extract while MID sized cell was significantly elevated at 500 and 800mg/kg dose. 3 The plants in the family are reported to have CNS effects which are exploited in the management of epilepsy, other mental disorders, headache and fever, probably due to their sedative and analgesic properties. This lends the plant some interesting names such as Blood of Jesus plant and Hospital too far. 34-45. Contamination of medicinal plant could be as a result of contaminants (such as heavy metals, aflatoxin and pathogenic microbes) from soil and manner of herbal preparations [4]. long (25 cm), and showy flower plumes, 8 in. Ren Fail. Further, 0.5ml of supernatant was treated with 0.5ml of Ellmans reagent (containing 19.8mg of 5,5 dithiobis - (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in 100ml of 0.1% sodium nitrate) and 3.0ml of phosphate buffer (0.2M, pH8.0). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. While histology of organs showed no adverse pathological lesions in the internal organs of rats, higher dose (1200mg/kg) over a period of time could cause noticeable liver and kidney injury. The antioxidants in Justicia carnea helps protect the liver and the heart from toxic agents and free radicals. Justicia carnea (ewe eje) is used by pregnant women to boost the production of red blood cells and cure anemia in pregnancy. J. Pharmacogn. This also helps prevent self-seeding, which normally takes up a lot of the plants energy at the expense of flowering. Cut back after flowering to 2-3 nodes from the ground to keep the plant bushy and promote new blooms. Another strong benefits of justicia carnea leaves is in lipid profile. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The antidiabetic effect of justicia is through the inhibition of-amylase and -glucosidase, the carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, and also through its hypolipidemic potential. Akintimehin, E.S., Karigidi, K.O., Omogunwa, T.S. Article ID 687197, 2013; p. 13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/687197. So lets go through this together. They can easily tolerate acidic to slightly alkaline sandy, loamy, and clay soils. McCune LM, Johns T. Antioxidant activity in medicinal plants associated with the symptoms of diabetes mellitus used by the indigenous peoples of the north American boreal forest. 2008;108(9):14807. Why urban citizens in developing countries use traditional medicines: the case of suriname. 2008;79:3326 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2008.02.005. Different drugs are used but many depend mainly on plants and herbal products for its treatment. Clin Phytosci 7, 2 (2021). Pompella A, Visvikis A, Paolicchi A, De Tata V, Casini AF. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. The weight of liver and kidney of rats were measured immediately after excising the organs and is presented in Table2. Haematological and biochemical studies on Justicia carnea leaves extract in phenylhydrazine induced-anemia in albino rats. Blooming from early summer to fall, the flowers are attractive to hummingbirds and butterflies. No observable focal sclerosis of renal glomeruli, capsular spaces around the glomerulus appears normal with distinct layering of renal microcellular structures. However, there have not been scientific backing on this claim, yet, from the antiviral properties of other species of justicia, it could be that this plant possess antiviral properties which is utilized in the treatment of hepatitis infection. Relative to the control, liver of rats treated with doses of J. carnea ethanol extract showed varied degree of hepatic injury in a dose dependent manner. The renal effects of blood glucose-lowering plant-derived extracts in diabetes mellitus-an overview. In a study conducted by Onyeabor and colleagues, the leaf extract of jusiticia carnea reverses the anemic effect of phenylhydrazine on the pack cell volume, red blood cell, and hemoglobin concentrations. 2015;15:236. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0760-y. 2015;174:61827 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.005. Luckily, the unique flowers of Jacobinia carnea and its foliage are free from major pest and disease concerns. In this study, the aqueous leaf extract of Justicia carnea was used. They protect our cells from the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species. Therefore,it is imperative to investigate the effects of the plant on the essential biochemical indices in diabetic rats so as to establish its safety. van Andel T., Carvalheiro LG. In Nigeria, the leaf of Justicia carnea is usually prepared with edible vegetables to make soup, boiled separately in water to make tea or prepared by cooking with other medicinal plants for therapeutic purposes. Brazilian-plumeflowers are best propagated from softwood cuttings. The in-vitro . Olumese FE, Onoagbe IO, Eze GI, Omoruyi FO. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.013. Justicia carnea, the Brazilian plume flower, Brazilian-plume, flamingo flower, or jacobinia, is a flowering plant in the family Acanthaceae. long (25 cm), and showy flower plumes, 8 in. 1.3.1 Aetiologyof Anaemia Anaemia may be due to a single factor such as a nutritional deficiency or multifactorial (McEvoy, 2013). The levels of white blood cell count, lymphocyte, granulocyte and MID could indicate that ethanol extract of J. carnea leaf pose no toxicity or sub acute inflammation to the overall defense mechanism and immunity of the experimental rats. Onoagbe IO, Attah V, Luther MM, Esekheigbe A. Hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic effects of Morinda lucida and Tetracera alnifora in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Leaf extract in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in albino rats. Chanda S, Parekh J, Vaghasiya Y, Dave R, Baravalia Y, Nair R. Medicinal plants - from traditional use to toxicity assessment: a review. SOD activity was determined by its ability to inhibit the auto-oxidation of epinephrine determined by the increase in absorbance at 480nm. The very tropical looking Brazilian plume with its bright inflorescence is definitely a unique addition to gardens.

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