anatomy and physiology of sensory system ppt

Using the plates are you able to detect the image present for the presented colors? With your right eye (left closed), stare at the cross, and move the paper towards your eyes until the circle disappears. Once any sensory cell transduces a stimulus into a nerve impulse, that impulse has to travel along axons to reach the CNS. Osmoreceptors respond to solute concentrations of body fluids. (PPT) Lecture on Sensory System | Jana Makedonska - Academia.edu vision, taste). Uploaded on Jan 02, 2020 James P Dunbar + Follow tion visceral pain pain transmission noxious stimuli referred visceral pain Photoreceptors in the eyes, such as rod cells, are examples of (c) specialized receptor cells. The extraocular muscles are innervated by three cranial nerves. Olfactory signals are the only sensory system to send signals directly to the limbic system, which is integral to memory and emotional functions. The hair cell is a mechanoreceptor with an array of stereocilia emerging from its apical surface. These modalities include pressure, vibration, light touch, tickle, itch, temperature, pain, proprioception, and kinesthesia. They alter the lens to aid focusing. The wavelength of visible light determines its color. This is how Dr. Reed is able to visualize and count papillae on the surface of the tongue. This means that its receptors are not associated with a specialized organ, but are instead spread throughout the body in a variety of organs. Visible light only occupies a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The neural signals generated in the vestibular ganglion are transmitted through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem and cerebellum. The large, fleshy structure on the lateral aspect of the head is known as the auricle. At the fovea, the retina lacks the supporting cells and blood vessels, and only contains photoreceptors. Within the structure of the papillae are taste buds that contain specialized gustatory receptor cells for the transduction of taste stimuli. Many of the somatosensory receptors are located in the skin, but receptors are also found in muscles, tendons, joint capsules, ligaments, and in the walls of visceral organs. The Na+ concentration becomes high outside the gustatory cells, creating a strong concentration gradient that drives the diffusion of the ion into the cells. The G protein changes the membrane potential of the photoreceptor cell, which then releases less neurotransmitter into the outer synaptic layer of the retina. Ex. The organ of Corti, containing the mechanoreceptor hair cells, is adjacent to the scala tympani, where it sits atop the basilar membrane. Like sweet and bitter, it is based on the activation of G proteincoupled receptors by a specific molecule. These receptor cells are sensitive to the chemicals contained within foods that are ingested, and they release neurotransmitters based on the amount of the chemical in the food. For example, the sensation of heat associated with spicy foods involves capsaicin, the active molecule in hot peppers. Such low frequency vibrations are sensed by mechanoreceptors called Merkel cells, also known as type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Until the retinal molecule is changed back to the 11-cis-retinal shape, the opsin cannot respond to light energy, which is called bleaching. Ask for help if you need it. The external ear contains the auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane. Modality refers to the way that information is encoded, which is similar to the idea of transduction. In the video, there is a brief image of a person sticking out their tongue, which has been covered with a colored dye. 6.3: Somatosensation One major group of bitter-tasting molecules are alkaloids. It is the bipolar cell in the retina that connects a photoreceptor to a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) in the inner synaptic layer. The anterior cavity is the space between the cornea and lens, including the iris and ciliary body. Perception is dependent on sensation, but not all sensations are perceived. Stimuli from varying sources, and of different types, are received and changed into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system. Research at the turn of the 20th century led to recognition of the fifth taste, umami, during the mid-1980s. Eventually, there are electrical and chemical signals within our brains. Raised bumps called papillae (singular = papilla) contain the structures for gustatory transduction. Nociceptive Pain. b. Merkel disks - attached to nerve endings of the epidermis. Action potentials from ganglion cells, whose axons form the optic nerves, represent patterns of light. Loss of the sense of smell can result in food tasting bland. Finally, vision involves the activation of photoreceptors. The conjunctiva extends over the white areas of the eye (the sclera), connecting the eyelids to the eyeball. The auditory receptors for the ear (shown below) include the: Within the inner ear, the 3 semicircular canals are arranged at right angles to each other, and they contain hair cells and fluid similar to the cochlea. The C-shaped curves of the auricle direct sound waves toward the auditory canal. The first two tastes (salty and sour) are triggered by the cations Na+ and H+. Physiology of Sensory system - SlideShare Sensory systems include organs, tissues, and cells that receive stimuli from the environment and send this information to the brain for processing. The hair cells along the length of the cochlear duct, which are each sensitive to a particular frequency, allow the cochlea to separate auditory stimuli by frequency, just as a prism separates visible light into its component colors. Temperature receptors are stimulated when local temperatures differ from body temperature. Receptors are the cells or structures that detect sensations. The complexity of the pressure waves is determined by the changes in amplitude and frequency of the sound waves entering the ear. Along with audition, the inner ear is responsible for encoding information about equilibrium, the sense of balance. The facial nerve connects to taste buds in the anterior third of the tongue. The essential component is neurons, the major functional cells in nervous tissue. Differentiate between upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron diseases. If you differ, then provide a possible explanation as to why: This lab has been adapted from Rice University and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License License (3.0). Follicles are also wrapped in a plexus of nerve endings known as the hair follicle plexus. _______________ Right eye? Bulbous corpuscles are also present in joint capsules, where they measure stretch in the components of the skeletal system within the joint. Therefore, the umami flavor is often perceived while eating protein-rich foods. Anatomy And Physiology Of Lens PowerPoint PPT Presentations - PowerShow Can you label any structures if you use the above diagram as a guide? In addition, two separate clusters of hair cells the saccule and utricle are oriented to detect vertical and horizontal movements. The scala vestibuli extends from the oval window, travelling above the cochlear duct, which is the central cavity of the cochlea that contains the sound-transducing neurons. The eye is located within the orbit and surrounded by soft tissues that protect and support its function. Are you very sensitive to tastes? When the pressure waves from the scala move the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane slides across the stereocilia. The taste buds contain specialized gustatory receptor cells that respond to chemical stimuli dissolved in the saliva. Concentration 1: _____________ Concentration 2: _____________ Concentration 3: _____________ Concentration 4: _____________ Concentration 5: _____________. This is how certain smells trigger emotional memories, such as the smell of food associated with ones birthplace. consent of Rice University. Overlaying the ciliary body, and visible in the anterior eye, is the iristhe colored part of the eye. Anatomy and Physiology Environmental Science APES Welcome to Ms. Stephens' Anatomy & Physiology Class Email: astephensscience@gmail.com Class website: www.astephensscience.com Tutorial: Thursday (3:45-4:45) Announcements: The class website contains lesson plans, notes, and study links. Some cranial nerves contain only sensory axons, such as the olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear nerves. Perception of the network of interconnected neuron signals is eventually perceived in the occipital cortex. Rod outer segments are long columnar shapes with stacks of membrane-bound discs that contain the rhodopsin pigment. Signal transduction is the process of a receptor detecting specific forms of matter or energy, and activating chemical and electrical changes in neurons. There are four types of papillae, based on their appearance (Figure 14.3): circumvallate, foliate, filiform, and fungiform. A third classification of receptors is by how the receptor transduces stimuli into membrane potential changes. A sound wave causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate. Body parts form a well-organized unitthe human organism. The central integration may then lead to a motor response. Sensation is the activation of sensory receptor cells at the level of the stimulus. Based on the animation, where do frequenciesfrom high to low pitchescause activity in the hair cells within the cochlear duct? Repeat while standing with your right or left side closest to the board, and note front-to-back swaying, First with eyes open and then with eyes closed. Tilting the head causes the otolithic membrane to slide over the macula in the direction of gravity. Nociceptive Pain. Muscles in the iris alter pupil size to vary light entering the eye. As vibrations of the ossicles travel through the oval window, the fluid of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani moves in a wave-like motion. Four of the muscles are arranged at the cardinal points around the eye and are named for those locations. Blunt force trauma to the face, such as that common in many car accidents, can lead to the loss of the olfactory nerve, and subsequently, loss of the sense of smell. A seventh muscle in the orbit is the levator palpebrae superioris, which is responsible for elevating and retracting the upper eyelid, a movement that usually occurs in concert with elevation of the eye by the superior rectus (see Figure 14.13).

Zoe And David First Dates Still Together, Why Is Alice In Jail On La's Finest, Willies Sports Cafe Nutritional Information, Sally Mitchell Obituary, Articles A